Tomato crop is considered one of the most important strategic green crops at the national level. It is one of the food and manufacturing crops that some food industry uses it as pasle, it is alse an important source in its contribution to the Egyptian national agricultural income. The research aims at estimating the response supply for winter tomato crop in Egypt to determine the most important variables that can affect the response of the cultivated area of this crop. In addition to estimating the flexibility of the response to these variables, and the amount of the annual response to tomato farmers, and thus reach to the appropriate period necessary to achieve complete response. The response functions show has been estimated in accordance with the model of Marc Nerlov, and the model of Robert Solow. The results of estimating the response supply of the winter tomato crop in Egypt using the model Marc Nerlov for partial adaptation during the period (1995-2013) have shown that the production of the tomato crop per feddan is one of the most variables impact on the farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato., it has Also been clear that there is a response from winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans. Besides that the results of estimating the response functions show for the winter tomato crop have shown according to the model of Robert Solow that the production of the winter tomato crop per feddan is considered one of the best variables impact on farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato. It has also, been clear that there is a response from the winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans crops. The research recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural guidance and expansion of the establishment of the indicative fields in order to encourage farmers to use tomato varieties with high productivity. The research, also, recommends the expansion in tomato manufacturing so that it can make a kind of balance between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied and thus the possibility of maintaining the price stability.

In a comprehensive study, soil   surface (0-60cm) and subsurface (60-120cm) samples, (industrial- wastewater and wells water samples beside of plant samples (forest and wild shrubs) were collected from Almarawea’ah area, Al-houdiadah governorate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact of wastewater that flow from food factory. The water is used for irrigating a silty loam soil and plants grown thereon which were evergreen trees (wind breaks) since 25 and 5 years ago (the first and second stages, respectively). Also, the analysis of chemical, physical, biological and microbial indicators was done. Obtained results showed that soil salinity was increased three times but sodium adsorption was increased 10 times as a result of using wastewater for irrigating the evergreen trees since 15 years ago where the EC and SAR were 0.115mS\cm and 1.3, respectively in the non-treated soil as compared with the treated one which were 0.37 mS\cm and 12.5 for EC and SAR, respectively. There was no significant impact for soil depth 0-60 and 60-120cm as well as for years of applications (5 and 25 years) on all the evaluated properties. However, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron contents in treated soil were slightly increased with no significant differences. On the contrary, potassium and manganese were significantly increased at 0.05 level as compared to non-treated one. Regarding to the plant analysis the obtained data showed that no significant differences between the concentration of the studied elements (N, P, K, Fe, and Mn) in leaves of trees (their local names are Muraimerah and Damas) and shrubs (Thomam and Abad). However, zinc concentration was high in shrub plants (2350.5 ppm) compared to trees (103.5 ppm) which indicated that shrub plants can collecte high levels of zinc ( zinc hyperaccumulatorplant). For water, comparison of samples collected from ground water wells (near and far) and wastewater samples collected morning and evening, the results indicated that using factory wastewater for irrigating trees to be used as wind breaks was suitable way to prevent expected environmental contamination and transmission of those contaminants to the ground water

Application of urea to agricultural soil may pollute the air environment due to ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Zeolite, Humate, biocher and biofertilizer may be used to control N losses resulting from urea transformation to NH3. A laboratory soil incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effects of zeolite, K-humate, biocher and biofertilizer on controlling NH3 losses out of applied urea. Calcareous soil sample from El-Nobaria area, Beheira Governorate was treated with different amendments and incubated under laboratory condition for 13 weeks. Results obtained showed that soil treated with urea in the presence of different amendments significantly reduced NH3 release from urea as compared to the control. During the first 80 days of the incubation ammonia losses were highest in control compared to soil treated with the different amendments. Biocher treatment showed the highest effect in reducing ammonia volatilization from calcareous soil. Therefore, treating calcareous soil with biocher and biofertilizer can decrease were losses as ammonia and increase nitrogen availability in soil, and hence reduces air pollution by ammonia.

White coats worn by professionals in the medical field (students of health) or the work in the laboratory (students of Science), goal protect clothing from microbes.  In this study was determined the type of microbial contamination on the white coats and the potential risks of microbes. The study was done by a questionnaire for students and samples swabs of coats for 80 students from the Fac. of Health and Science. The results explained the presence of pathogenic bacteria causing inflammatory and dimples contaminated white coats, such as Erysipelothrio rhusiopathiae causing the h time skin, Micrococcus luteues causing chronic inflammatory skin ; bacterial meningitis and blood contamination unidentified Organism and Kocuria kristinae causing infections of the urinary tract infections, gallbladder and opportunistic bacteria and the spread of  nosocomial  infections, one of opportunistic pathogens. As well as  recorded  high proportion of serious fungi that cause various diseases and contamination of food such as Aspergillus niger ; Helminthosporium spp, Fusarium SPP, and Alternaria alternate . This study suggests that a large proportion of white coats may be a carrier of serious morbidity among female students in colleges is different, especially when not . There are laws and regulations in organizing wear these coats and the way to carry and learn how the daily cleaning of .

The experiment was carried out at the experimental site of Arid Land Agricultural graduate studies and Research Institute (ALARI), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalyobia Governorate during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Fresh bare root strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) transplants cv. Festival were used in this experiment.The aim of the study was to determine the best irrigation scheduling and better strawberry density to get the best production and quality of strawberry fruits grown in A-shape NFT system. Five irrigation schedules (24 hours (control), ¼ / ½ hour (Sched 1), ¼  / 1 hour (Sched 2), ¼  / 2 hours (Sched 3), ¼  / 3 hours (Sched 4) and two plant density per square meter (21 plants / m2 “PD-1”,32 plants / m2 “PD-2”) and the combinations among them were tested in this experiment. The EC of the nutrient solution was adjusted at the range of 2.0 – 2.5 m.mhos-2 and pH was maintained at the range of 5.5-6.0 throughout the experimental time. The measurements recorded were as follows: number of leaves, % of fruit set, early and total yield and mean fruit weight. Quality measurements included total soluble solids (TSS) (the percentage of TSS was determined by using hand refractometer), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and fruit acidity. Results indicated that irrigating plants for 15 min every ½ hour increased productivity (mean fruit weight, early yield and total yield) and quality (TSS) but reduced vitamin C and fruit acidity of strawberry. While the irrigating plants every 1 hour reduced number of leaves, set %, early & total yield, mean fruit weight, TSS.

Prices reflect the relative scarcity of resources in terms of planning is based under the free-market mechanisms for price and market signals as an essential mechanism in the allocation of resources and guidance system, Price is also working on consumer directed toward maximizing satisficing  the resources available to them, which leads to maximizing the well-being of the community. The research problem is in direct government intervention in price policy, which may give rise to a variation in the local and indirect world prices lead to non-optimal utilization of the resources used in the production process, which affects the welfare of producers and consumers, as well as on government revenue and the outcome of the state foreign trade. research aims to identify the price differences between local and world prices resulting from price, The policies fish and by estimating the partial equilibrium model to examine the effect influence of the policies of government intervention at all stages of fish flow in the market, by measuring the efficiency of the product, the consumer, the community level, and measurement of well-being at the community level, as well as measurement of government revenues and this may help to measure the efficiency of these policies in achieving its objectives and examine the effects on producers, consumers and the overall economy. The results showed the following   The average nominal protection for fish rate during the study period (1998-2013) amounted to 0.67 i.e. it is greater than zero, which means that the state supports the producers of fish by about at 67% in favor of the producers of fish on the expense of the consumer represented in the higher domestic price for the world price, The results indicate that the concern of the State on promoting fish producers to reduce the size of the gap and reduce the import of foreign currency into force. The study showed also that the expansion of fish production leads to increased foreign exchange earnings by reducing imports and reduce the food gap, where the maximum fish production reached amounted to 1372.0, 1454.4 during the years 2012.2013, respectively, while the maximum foreign exchange earnings reached a maximum in 2012, 2013 amounted to 27067.03. The results of the welfare check gains in producer excess as the average change in the product excess amounted to 3.1336 billion pounds, which reflects the impact of price policy applied, while under the negative values of consumer excess has been achieved loss in consumer surplus, bringing the average loss during the study period of about 5566.88 million pounds. Decline in consumer surplus was due to the local consumer bear the superiority of market forces and the presence of protectionist policy to support the product and taxing the consumer, leading to increased consumer spending as a result of the purchase of small quantities at high prices, leading to lower prices of consumer welfare.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological treatments to improvement on the in vitro digestibility disappearance for rice straw.  The parameter used in this study includes; gas-production, IVDMD, IVMOD and pH value. The experiment was divided into seven treatments: 1st treatment: considered as control group was used 3g from straw only. 2nd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 3rd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 4th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw.   5th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 6thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 7thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw.   The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) of 6th group in gas production as compared with 3rd group at the beginning of the experiment. Also the 3rd group showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in gas production as compared with 5th group after 10 hrs. from the period of incubation. It has been observed that there was a significant increase (P <0.05) in the 3rd group in gas produced as compared with 4th  and 5th  group after 12 hrs from the period of incubation. The result also showed a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 2nd and 6th groups in the gas production as compared with 5th group after 24 hrs the period of incubation. It has been observed after 48 hrs the period of incubation, there was a significant effect (P<0.05) in gas produced in all treated groups as compared with 5th group. It has been noticed from the experiment that there was result a significant increase (P<0.05) in 5th, 6th groups of pH value as compared with 2nd and 4th groups. The results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd group in IVDMD as compared with 6th group, Similarly, there showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th groups in the IVDMD as compared with 4th group. There was also a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd in IVMOD value than that with 6th group. It has been shown that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 6th group of IVMOD value as compared with 2nd, 4th and 7th groups. Finally it has observed that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the control group (1st), 5th and 7th groups in IVMOD value as compared with 4th group. It was concluded from this study that addition of fibrolytic enzymes and a combination of fibrolytic enzymes and saccharomyces cerevisie could improve digestibility of rice straw in vitro.

The purposes of this study are to: i) assess the agricultural extension middle level managers’ willingness to use cell phones in extension services, and ii) investigate the factors affecting their willingness to change and their change- related behavior. The DINAMO scale developed by Metselaar (1997) was used to assess their willingness to use cell phones in extension. Data were collected from 19 agricultural extension middle level managers representing 67.86% of the total number of middle level managers (28 mid-managers) by questionnaire during their annual meeting that was held on May 2015. Mean scores, percentages, and Chi-square test were used for data presentation and analysis. The results showed that the respondents’ overall willingness to change is 220.2 which represents 72.2% of the total score; this implies that extension middle level managers are entirely have positive willingness to use cell phones in agricultural extension services. There are seven variables have significant relationships with extension middle managers’ willingness to change namely: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38), The value of use cell phones for the agricultural extension organization (ᵡ2 =37.07), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =38.22), Self-control factors (ᵡ2 =38), External control factors (ᵡ2 =36.24), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.7), and Perceived complexity of use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =31.16). On the other hand there are five variables affecting the change- related behavior of the middle managers as follows: Managers' affective orientation towards the use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.19), Collegial attitudes towards use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =51.12), External control factors (ᵡ2 =50.34), Control over and contentment with use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =25.82), and The middle manager's willingness to use cell phones in extension (ᵡ2 =24.61). It could be concluded that there is a strong opportunity for using cell phones in extension services, and the respondents are ready for the beginning of such initiative.

The sorption isotherm and kinetic of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ , and Cd2+ ions onto sewage irrigated soil (El-Gebal El Aasfar-Qalubia) was examined as a function of the retention time and initial ion concentration using batch equilibrium sorption experiments. Results show that the Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd metal ions onto the soil is relatively rapid and sorption reaches equilibrium at about 240 minutes. Kinetics of the sorption process on the soil is well characterized by the pseudo-second order reaction rate. Langmuir, Freundlich and D–R isotherm models are fitted for the sorption of Cu2+, Pb2, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions onto the soil. The constants of all models were calculated for each metal ion and compared. It indicated clear differences between the sorption characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions on the sewage irrigated soil.

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm, Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ. at Shalakan, Kaleobia Governorate, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to study the effect of seed hardening treatments (without, -4 bar, -6 bar and  -8 bar polyethylene glycol (PEG6000)) on yield and its attributes and nitrogen physiological parameters of maize (zea maize) under irrigation periods (irrigation every 14, 21 and 28 day) . The data revealed that all tested treatments affected significantly yield and its attributes traits except ear length. The highest values of ear weight (246.2 g), ear diameter (4.62 cm), number of rows/ear (13.6), shelling percentage (82,64%), grain yield/fad (3.58 ton), biological yield/fad (11.81 ton) and 100 kernels weight (g) (39.07) were recorded with -8 bar (PEG) treatment. Moreover -8 bar (PEG) this treatment recorded the highest values of grain nitrogen yield (kg/fad) and lowest value of grain nitrogen percentage (%). Irrigation every 14 days was characterized by significant higher yield attributes, which reflected its yield parameters and produced significant maximum grain yield. Irrigation every 14 day recorded significant highest grain and biological yield, which reflected its grain N yield and total N absorbed in plant. Maximum values of NUE and NRE ware optioned when maize plant irrigated every 14 day followed by irrigation every 21 day and irrigation every 28 day. On the other hand, NPE and NHI of studied irrigation periods were significantly differed; the highest values were recorded when maize irrigated every 28 day. The results also showed that seed hardening treatments (-4, -6 and -8 bar PEG) under irrigation periods 14 and 21 day recorded the highest values of ear length (cm) and ear diameter (cm). The high performance of irrigation every 14 day with hardening -8 bar PEG in yield attributes was reflected on its yield parameters. These parameters reached their highest significant values included grain and biological yield ware 3.97 and 13.55 ton/fad respectively; meanwhile; the lowest values in case of without hardening under irrigation every 28 day ware 2.17 and 7.84 ton/fad respectively .