This study was carried out to investigate the effect of partial substitution (10 and 15%) of wheat flour by sorghum or chickpea flour on quality parameters of sponge cake and biscuit. Chickpea flour contained the highest percentage of protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber. Water absorption was increased by replacement of wheat flour with sorghum or chickpea flour. From the obtained data, it could be seen that the deleterious effect of adding sorghum flour to wheat flour on the rheological properties was more pronounced than that happened when chickpea flour was added. Cake prepared with sorghum flour had less pronounced improvements in its chemical composition rather than those of chickpea. With regard to volume and specific volume, cake prepared with 10% chickpea flour with or without cake improver recorded the highest values. Cake prepared by chickpea flour had no any unfavorable sensory change especially for the cake produced by cake improver.  Crude protein, lipids, ash and crude fiber contents were increased progressively in all biscuit samples with increasing of either the sorghum or chickpea flour levels. Also, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the thickness and spread ratio of control biscuit compared to that of sorghum or chickpea- wheat composite flour.  It is worth mentioning that the substitution of wheat flour with chickpea flour gave biscuit more sensory acceptable.

Pot trials were conducted under plastic house condition during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The present study aims to determine the partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilization of tomato by nitrogen fixing bacteria with or without adding compost in sandy soil. Tomato seedlings (Lora F1Hybrid) were transplanted during the first week of October into plastic pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 10 kg of sandy soil. Three rates 25, 50 and 75% of the recommended mineral nitrogen in the nutrient solution for tomato with adding compostat 2% and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) at 20 ml/plant either individually or in combinationswere investigated on growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato plants compared to 100% of recommended nitrogen only (control). The plants were irrigated daily by drip irrigation and received 200 ml/plant of nutrient solution twice a weekly. The results showed that using 50 or 75% of N-mineral fertilizer + compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria gave the highest values of growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato. It is recommended that 50% of nitrogen mineral fertilizers for tomato plants could be replaced by nitrogen fixing bacteria in presence of compost, which in earn, reduce environment pollution caused by extensive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

The research was qualitative analysis of media campaign for the super judicial Committee for Elections and the special election Parliament 2011 drew the attention of the researcher, and to identify the extent of public evaluation of the technical elements of the campaign media (sound effects - time - repetition - content - Graphic Design), and to identify the rate reminds respondents of messages each the ring alone episodes of the media campaign, and to identify the sources of information respondents own messages, which came rings media campaign, and to identify the most important factors associated with and influencing the rate remember the respondents to the messages the field on No. (2) title (the new electoral system), and to identify the most episodes watch for of the respondents, and more episodes benefit from the point of view of respondents, and to identify the degree of preference of the respondents to see the other campaigns competition was broadcast at the same timing of the campaign and compare them to see the degree of preference for the campaign.. Was chosen Qaliubiya because they fall within the provinces of electoral phase third in the division of electoral constituencies and thus been exposed respondents to the episodes longer periods compared to the audience the first phase and second any been watching the respondents to the campaign media a period of about three months was chosen (75), a woman from the tables special election province and that of three villages within the three centers Qalubia a (village Sndhur center Banha), and (village Ojhor major center Tookh), and (village notching Shebin Qanater) and so random sample, was limited to women without men of the weakness of the political participation of women in the Egypt before the revolution of January 25, the questionnaire was used personal interviews to collect research data during the months of June and July 2012 and using antipersonnel frequencies, percentages and Chi-square test x2 to analyze research data. The results showed qualitative analysis that rings the campaign theme of the study were presented equally and used loppying emotional and logical questions loppying and cartoons, and taken them that they did not support the means of communication other, nor is used as colors impressively, in addition to a lot of messages in a specified time, and in the evaluate the campaign has indicated a sample of know-how to appropriate all of the sound effects (73.3%) of the respondents, and the time (92%) of the respondents, and the rate of repetition (100%), and content (100%) of the respondents, whereas the total score of staying lost the medium from the viewpoint of respondents the results also indicated that the most important factors affecting the rate of recall of respondents to the messages of true second episode (education, age, number of viewing hours, the profession, the number of times watch the episode, the way the media favorite, the quality of favorite programs, media campaigns, competition, quality TV favorite, repetition, time, design, sound effects, which explains some (86.6%) of the variation in the rate of recall of respondents to messages Episode (2) entitled the new electoral system, while the remaining percentage of (13.4%) can be attributed to other variables, and found View more episodes and more episodes also benefit from the attention of the respondents is episode number (2). Study also concluded that the most important factors affecting the degree of preference of the respondents Show media campaigns and other competition is the presence of people and representatives , colors, suitable time with content.

Two field experiments were carried out in Agric. Expt. Farm at Shalakan, Kaleobia Governorate, Cairo, Egypt during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons to study the response of some bread wheat cultivars to sowing dates. Each experiment included 15 treatments which were the combination between three wheat cultivars (Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 9) and five sowing dates (1st October, 16th October, 1st November, 16th November and 1st December). The experimental design used was split plot design in 6 replications. The data revealed that sowing dates and cultivars both significantly affected wheat yield and its components. Sowing on 1st November exhibited significant maximum plant height, number of spike/m2, main spike length and weight, grains number of main spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as compared to early or late sowing in the season. Concerning wheat cultivars, Gemmiza 9 gave significantly highest yield and its components in comparison to Sakha 93 and Giza 168. The effect of the interaction between wheat cultivars and sowing dates were significantly differed in plant height, main spike length and weight, grain weight/spike as well as grain, straw and biological yields as well as GCPY. Gemmiza 9 exhibited the significant highest parameters when sown on 1st November as compared to the other studied two cultivars. The data revealed that sowing Gemmiza 9 wheat cultivar on 1st November was the most suitable environmental conditions for growing wheat in Kaluobia Governorate.

The need to increase the organic soil matter for sustainable production to match food security under semi-arid Egyptian conditions (high temperature, low preception, shortage of organic fertilizer etc..) led to looking for new sources of oragnic materials such as  modern composting technologies and increase the effeiency of recycling. The field experiment was carried out during the two winter successive seasons of 2011 and 2012 under open field conditions in protected cultivation site, Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Peas (Pisum sativum), cv. Lincolin was used in this study. The study aimed to investigate the use of vermicompost as alternative organic fertilizer by different rates (15, 20 and 25 m3/feddan) compared to cattle manure (20 m3/feddan as a control) combained with two plant distances (30 and 50 cm) which  performed in split plot design. The obtained results indicate that increasing the rate of vermicompost from 15 to 25 m3/feddan led to increase the values of physical and chemical properties of both pea plants and yield characteristics. The highest vegetative growth characteristics were recorded by application rate of 25 m3/feddan combined with 50 cm plant distance followed by 20 m3/feddan combined with 30 cm compared to the other treatments. The application rate of vermicompost 25 m3/feddan combined with plant distance 30 cm gave the highest yield of peas per feddan. Concerning, the highest fruit quality parameters were estimated under application rate of vermicompost 20 m3/feddan combined with 50 cm. The recommended treatment under this study conditions was the use of vermicompost 25 m3/feddan combined with 30 cm followed by 20 m3/feddan combined with 30 cm of plant distance. The vermicomposting of organic wastes and applied it to the soil as an organic fertilizer instead of burial or inceneration led to store CO2 in the soil and decrease its emission.

The research estimated the efficiency of resource use among north western coast farmers in Marsa matrouh governorate using a sample of 200 respondents that were randomly selected; Interview schedules and structured questionnaires were administered to elicit information from the farmers. Data were analyzed using gross margin analysis, production, costs functions and resource use efficiency. The results for Tomato showed that, the regression analysis indicated that, R2 was highly significant at 1% level with the value of 90%. This implied that 90% of the total variations in Tomato  yield is explained by combine influence of all the explanatory variables (farm inputs) in the regression equation analysis, Gross margin analysis showed that farmers made profit (gross margin=  11810 LE / feddan). The resource use efficiency result showed that, the farm resources (cultivated area, organic manure, machines and labour) were under-utilized for Tomato production in the study area, The results for Cantaloupe showed that, The regression analysis indicated that,R2 was highly significant at 1% level with the value of 91%. This implied that 91% of the total variations in Cantaloupe yield is explained by combine influence of all the explanatory variables (farm inputs) in the regression equation analysis, Gross margin analysis showed that farmers made profit (gross margin = 15870 LE/feddan), the resource use efficiency result showed that two farm resources (cultivated area and labour )were under –utilized and one farm resource(N fertilizer) was over- utilized for Cantaloupe production in the study area.

The response of “Canino” apricot trees to different soils were studied in three different regions, in El-Menoufia Governorate (as a sand and clay soil) & Alexandria Governorate (as a calcareous soil) during the two successive seasons of 2010 & 2011. Evaluation included vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, tree productivity and fruit characteristics. Chilling units as well as growing –degree hours were also estimated through the two studied seasons. Results indicated that the vegetative growth was the best in clay soil for shoot length, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Concerning periods of flowering, fruit set and harvesting dates there were variations among the three types of soils. Sand soil was the earliest followed by clay and calcareous soils. Percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were positively affected by soil type. Also, Fe, Mn and Zn were affected by soil type. “Canino” apricot trees produced earlier fruit yield with the better fruit quality in sandy soil, whereas clay soil type gave the greatest yield followed by sand and calcareous soils.

This work was carried out on six pomegranate cultivars namely: Wardy, Araby , Manfalouty , Nab El Gamal, Hhegazy, and Montakhab through two successive seasons grown in a private farm at Assuit government trees were about 13 years and planting distance was 5X5m . Assuit is governorate considered one of the most important pomegranate producers and exporters in Egypt. The yield and some fruit physical and chemical properties of six different  pomegranate cultivars (Punica Granatum L.) were investigated. This investigation aimed to study  tree yield and the main   fruit   characteristics   of six commercial pomegranate cultivars. The average fruit yield / tree  lies  between 38.10–59.90 kg, fruit weight130.96– 399.77g, fruit volume 125.7–520 cm³,  fruit   diameter 6.23– 9.60 c   fruit shape   index  1.00–1.10 respectively . Fruit   dry matter20.49 – 38.57, in addition, total soluble solid content was found between 8.00–16.67, titratable acidity ranged between 0. 25– 0.53, TSS / Acid ratio between 0.27–0.63, total sugars 9.13–% 11.86, reducing sugars 1.22%–5.80, respectively. Finally it could be concluded that, Manfalouty and Hegazy cultivars recorded most excellent physical, chemical and visual characteristics which are preferred.

Ninety nine yeast isolates were isolated from surface of mango fruits and were tested in vivo in preliminary study for biocontrol potential of Lasiodiplodia rot of mango fruits. According to primary screening, nine isolates were selected to continue the secondary screening using different concentrations of the washed yeast cells in water suspension to study their biocontrol efficacy at 16±1°C. It was found that using washed cells of yeast isolate Mg 147 (Candida multisgemmis) at 1x109, 5x108 and 2x108 CFU/ml produced complete protection for 14 days to wounds of mango fruit inoculated with spore suspension of the fungusLasiodiplodia theobromae 1x105 conidia/ml. Meantime, no lesion developed on the mango fruit treated with the isolates Mg 39 (Pichia guilliermondii strainA) at the highest tested colony forming unit (CFU) levels, i.e. 1x109 and 5x108 CFU/ml. Supernatant of the yeast cultures, tested in secondary screening, did not prevent spore germination of L. theobromae or decay of wounded mango fruit but had inhibitory effect. However, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment significantly reduced the infected area mm2 on mango fruit inoculated with L. theobromae (1x105 conidia/ml) during the 14 days of storage at 16±1°C and improved efficacy of isolates Mg147 and Mg39. When applied as combined treatments between 1-MCP and biocontrol agents, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 147 at 1x 108 CFU/ml or higher. Meanwhile, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 39 at 2x 108 CFU/ml or higher while, the percentages of rot reduction were ranged between 94.1% - 81.3% for  concentrations 1x108 and 6.6x107 CFU/ml respectively.

The Research aimed at measuring the impact of using different irrigations systems on the production and economic efficiency of the main summer crops cultivated in New Lands at Alexandria Governorate. In order to reach this objective, the research adopted the following: 1)  Presenting the benefits and costs of the main summer crops cultivated useing different irrigation systems. 2)  Measuring some of the economic efficiency indicators related to summer vegetables crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (3) Estimating the economic and production efficiency of the study crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (4) Presnting some possible economic recommendations which can improve and increase the production and productivity of the study summer vegetables crops. The research applied some descriptive analysis method on the economic variables associated with the study, in addition to quantitative economic analysis method to assess the economic efficiency standards for vegetable crops under study. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) has been applied to estimate production functions using the FRONTIER (Version 4.1c). The research also relied on field questionnaire data collected from 100 farms representing the most important cultivators of summer vegetable crops including squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated during 2011/2012 in Alexandria Governorate's New Lands using traditional and modern irrigation systems. Analysis results showed the following results about the impact of applicating modern irrigation systems on the production and economic efficiency: (1) High indicators of economic efficiency of the vegetable crops cultivated using modern irrigation systems compared with those cultivated using traditional irrigation system, which means more efficient use of the economic resources used producing vegetable crops under modern irrigation compared with those under traditional irrigation, which calls agricultural economic policy makers to increase attention and spread the idea of using modern irrigation systems, especially in New Land, in order to increase agricultural production and reduce the deficit in the trade balance. (2) Production Efficiency Coeffecients for squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation system reachede about 75%, 80%, and 83%, while reached about 89%, 93%, and 91% for the same crops cultivated under traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation system are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of production resources (3) The Economic Efficiency Coefficients of squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation systems reached about 73%, 77%, and 79%, while reached about 87%, 90%, and 88% for the same crops cultivated using traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation systems are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of economic resources and economic gain. In order to expand the cultivation of vegetable crops under modern irrigation systems and raise the productivity rate, the research recommends the following: (1) Increasing the effectiveness of extension activities through agricultural extension officers to transfer the research recommendations to farmers, and train them in order to improve their experience, and enhance the trend towards adopting the use of modern irrigation methods to enhance agriculture advancement, (2) Encouraging the specialized scientific research centers to develop fertilization programs that match the needs of crop cultivated under modern irrigation methods and soil quality.