RT-PCR was conducted for four genes implicated for salt tolerance, oxidative and osmotic stresses in Egyptian gray mangroves within Nabq protected area in South Sinai Governorate. The results showed over-expression of the mRNA of ferritin (amFer1) gene as very high expression, followed by increase in  mRNA of superoxide dismutase (amSOD1) and ubiquitin conjugation2 (amUBC2).  At the same time gene expression of catalase (amCAT1) decreased.

Canola (Brassica juncea L.) and mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed sprout effects on diabetic rats  have no available information and to clarify their effects, both sprouts were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic and normal rats. Rats were fed on a semi-modified diet containing 10% of canola or mustard sprouted using tap or saline water for sprouting ad-libitum for 6 weeks. STZ showed increases in blood sugar, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), vary low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c) and triglycerides (TG). The addition of canola and mustard with or without salinty at 10% to diabetic rats diet as semimodified diet resulted a significant decrease in blood glucose, TG and VLDL-c and data was more pronounced using mustard sprouted or saline water without changes in the HDL-c   parameter. These results showed that canola and mustard especially mustard sprouted in saline water had a hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats and partly improved lipid metabolism in the experimental rats, with non-toxic to rats in doses given  over 6 weeks period in this study.

Egypt is working on the development of Egyptian agricultural exports and trying to create new markets as this leads to increasing national income and thus economic development, and this comes through improving the agricultural marketing system. Therefore, it can be said that marketing is an accelerated economic development accelerator and may be an obstacle to economic development if the agricultural marketing system is not improved, onion crop in Egypt is exposed recently to many of the problems of production and marketing as well as export problems in either fresh or preserved form that led to The decline in production  and the fluctuation of cultivated area and hence the high price of the consumer with the low quality that the global exports of onions ranged from a minimum of about 8.2 million tons in 2000 and a maximum of 8.6 million tons in 2016. As shown in the same table, India is ranked first in terms of the average quantity of onion exports. The average quantity of exports of this crop reached about 1.3 million tons, representing about 22% of the average total volume of global exports of onions, which is about 6.18 million tons during the same period.

To explore the antibacterial activities of Allium sativium (garlic) extract was tested against two waterborne pathogenic strains isolated from River Nile, to mitigate the increase of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics. The two isolates were identified as Enterobacter cloacae DSM 3264 BRB & Enterobacter cloacae MB11506_1CHB by MALDI-Tof-MS. Aqueous, methanolic and oil extraction of garlic were tested for their inhibitory activity against the selected strains using well diffusion method. Enterobacter sp. were more sensitive towards oil extract with inhibition zone 2.3 cm rather than aqueous and methanolic extractions with was 50%. Analysis of garlic essential oil by GC-MS dedicated six sulfur compounds represented 25% of total detected compounds in the oil.

The paper shows the development of strawberries crop area in Behera governorate during the period 2001-2015 showing that its lower area was about 150 feddan and its maximum area was about 2320 feddans. The general time trendof area was 120 feddans a year during the studied period.  Strawbarries production, on other hand, was between 600 ton and 6830 during the above period.  Despite the importance of strawbarries are in the governorate, its total production was only 42.731 or 48% of total production in Egypt. This may be explained by the low productivity of most varieties cultivated by farmers. For this, the study is concerned with the cultivation of varieties with high productivity per feddan.   The study depends on the results of a sample of farmers in the governorate to estimate production and cost functions to evaluate factors affecting these functions. The study reveals that the sample farmers in Kom hamada-which represents about 81% of total strawbarries production are producing in the first stage of the production function. This means that farmers do’ nt  use the optimum method of production. The study estimate cost production and the size of farm that minimize cost and that maximize profit for the farm four groups and for the total sample.

The importance of the wheat crop is reflected as one of the main cereals crops and the most important strategic crops that attract the attention of economic policy makers. It is the main source of the bread industry, which is the staple food for all population groups. However, domestic production is not sufficient for population needs. In addition to an increase in the percentage of wheat losses, which leads to increase imports to meet the deficit between wheat production and consumption, and then increase the burden of the import bill.  On the other hand, the production and storage of wheat has become one of the most important issues facing Egypt at present and in the future due to the limited number of countries that can export wheat and  all of production and storage conditions are subjected to natural and climatic changes. Therefore, the study aims at determining the main determinants of wheat production and  storage in Egypt in order to include it in a proposed mechanism for improving the wheat production and storage.  In the light of this, the study found (using simulataneous equations models) that the most important determinants of wheat production and storage in Egypt are limited to the cultivated area of wheat, the farm price of wheat, wheat production in the previous year, the imports quantity in the previous year, consumption quantity, wheat storge, import price, population, consumption quantity for the previous year, previous year's storge, imports quantity, where the statistical significance was proved at 0.05 level, and the significance of the model as a whole was proved. It was also found that about (68% -91%) of changes in wheat production and stock were due to the change in the independent variables under study.

The field experiment was established at the experimental farm of the Horticultural Research Station of Barrage, Qalyubia Governorate during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of irrigation levels i.e.,120, 100, 80 and 60% of the evapotranspiration (ETc) and stress alleviation substances (seaweed extract, potassium silicate and abscisic acid against control treatment) on growth, corm yield and quality of taro (Colocasia esculenta cv. Balady), with a particular attempt  to establish irrigation water strategy for taro cultivation. The results indicated a reduction in plant growth and corm yield as well as quality due to minimizing irrigation level from 120 to 60% ETc. But the highest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained with 80% irrigation level. Seaweed extract showed a superior enhancement in all measured vegetative, yield and quality parameters followed by potassium silicate compared to abscisic acid or control. Seaweed extract heightened the WUE compared to other substances. Results concluded that using 80% irrigation level accompanied by spraying plants with seaweed extract  led to a mild reduction in the plant growth, yield and quality but conferred the higher WUE compared to other interactive treatments.

The resent study aims to identify the score of rural women's contribution in food availability for her family through determining the nature of participation of rural women in various agricultural activities (plant and animal activities). Furthermore to determine the most important factors affecting rural women's contribution in food availability of the study sample. Finally, to identify the most important problems and obstacles facing the rural woman and limiting her contribution in food availability for her family.   A study was conducted in   "Kafr Tesfa" village, Kafr Shokr district in Qalubia governorate. A systematic random sample was selected including170 rural women from the village. A questionnaire was used during personal interviews with the rural women from December 2017 to January 2018.    The data was tabulated and analyzed by using several statistical methods such as: range, arithmetic mean, mode, standard division, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Chi Square test and Kramer's V coefficient using SPSS program.   The study results indicated that the score of rural women's contribution in food availability indicator ranges between (25) - (97) scores with Arithmetic mean (65.4) scores, standard deviation (19.99) score. The indicator range was divided into 3 equal categories. The results also showed that (45.3%) from the total population sample fell in the  high category of the indicator. The medium category included (24.1%), and the lowest category included (30.6%) from the total sample population.  To measure the association relationships between the score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) and the study independent variables, the study used Chi Square test. Where, the study results indicated that there are association relationships between the dependent variable and the following independent variables: woman's social status, ownership of agricultural machineries, sources of access to food information at significance level 0.01. While the association relationships of variables: socio-economic level of respondent's family and get a pension were significance at level 0.05.  To show the combined effect of the studied independent variables on a score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) the study used Kramer's V coefficient for the strength of the relationship.  The analysis of the data using Kramer's V coefficient showed that the Determination Coefficient was (0.560). This result means that five factors out of all independent factors explain (56%) from the total variance in the score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) at probability significance level 0.01.

This research aims to study the possibilities or opportunities for developing intra-Arab agricultural trade in order to achieve Arab integration through studying Arab agricultural trade in terms of value development, the extent of export coverage of imports and the structure of trade for various Arab countries. The Arab countries rely heavily on nonArab countries to fill this gap. It shows the low volume of trade in Arab inter-Arab agriculture and the increasing dependence of Arab countries on nonArab countries to obtain it. However, despite the large scale of these efforts, the volume of intraArab agricultural trade and Arab integration has  remained low In light of the current circumstances, the economies of the Arab countries - as developing countries - face a new economic environment characterized by changes in economic structures and international relations. Therefore, the study of the conditions of Arab agricultural, agricultural and intra-agricultural trade and the impact of contemporary international variables should be explained. For how to achieve Arab agricultural integration in light of the possibilities available, and the variables existing in the international arena.

Most landscapes requires the water essentially, water pumping consumes a significant amount energy. The study carried out to evaluate the performance of a solar water pumping system for the purpose of operating landscape system. The system consists of a centrifugal water pump connected directly to DC electric motor that which connected directly to a solar photovoltaic generator. Field test had been carried out at Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Measurements were taken every hour starting from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM through randomly selected days during the period between August 2016 and February 2017. Results show the relation between the solar radiation and the output electrical power, hydraulic power, pumping rates and the efficiency of the system. System evaluation was carried out by estimating the intensity of solar radiation, Photovoltaic output power and the hydraulic power generated. The PV output power was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 W/m². Also, photovoltaic generator and pumping system efficiencies were 14.98% and 14.21% respectively.