Recent data shows a declining performance in Egyptian foreign trade of agricultural sector especially by increased the Egyptian agricultural import, which leads to increase the deficit of agricultural trade balance. Agricultural processed proucts is consider one of main source of agricultural trade balance deficit. As a result, it is necessary to study the main factors affecting the Egyptian demand of foreign agricultura processed products to determine the most important factors and determine the possible solution in future. It is clear through the research resealt of the factors affecting the quantity of the Egyptian fats and oil imports, that their main factors are determined by the total production of the Egyptian fats and oil, the imports price and the consumption of oils and fats and in the total exports of USA from oil and fats. Moreover, it is obvious from the factors affecting the demand in Egyptian market that the price of the USA fats and oil is considered the main factor in most of these markets. Moreover the effect of free trade agreement and European Egyptian agreement were significant positive for increase the Egyptian demand of foreign oils and fats. So it is important to use some possible solution for decreasing these positive impact of these fators on Egyptian demand for foreign oils and fats for developing countries without being against the activation of these agreements. It is important to control the national consumption and increase the total production of oil and fats.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important productive sectors in the Egyptian economy. However, the share of the agricultural sector of the investments did not exceed 3% of the national investments in 2011. Therefore, the present study aims to; identify the current status of agricultural investments by studying the fairness of the distribution of national investments among different economic sectors, and estimate of agricultural investments in light of the agricultural development strategy 2030. The results showed that the percentage of investment directed to agricultural sector ranged between 2.91 and 14.21 in years 2010 and 2002 respectively during the period 1995-2011. On the other hand, the public agricultural investment was 2.67 billion L.E (on average) representing 43.89% of the total agricultural investment, while the rest 56.11% was for private agricultural investment. The percentage of justice in the distribution of investments - among commodity sectors- according to the sectoral contribution output criteria in the national economy was about 75.3%.   By investigating of the most important determinants of agricultural investment, the results showed that about 78.3% of the changes in the value of investments in the agricultural sector are interpreted by the interest rate on agricultural loans, the interest rate on bank loans, the rate of inflation, and the exchange rate U.S. $ / pound. On the other hand, workers' wages in pounds/day, the value of agricultural savings LE million, the value of private equity in millions of pounds explain about 96.3% of the total changes in the value of investments in the agricultural sector. In addition, the value of investments variables such as non-agricultural and agricultural loans, public investment, and agricultural output explain about 92.4% of the changes in the value of agricultural investment. The study concludes with a set of important recommendations, including the need to develop and modernize the investment laws and legislation in line with the developments of the local and global changes. Work on a policy commensurate with the investment attributes in the Egyptian agricultural sector such as the disintegration of tenures, the need to restructure the agricultural Banks for Development and Credit to play its important role of credit through the diversification of sources and the establishment of new branches in attractive areas for investment.

This study was carried out in Wadi EL- Technologia in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Washington Navel (N.O.), Valencia (V.O.) and Baladi orange (B.O.) trees budded on Sour orange (S.O.) and Volkamer lemon (V.L.) were grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system from a well has salinty of (1100 ppm).This investigation aimed to study the effect of the two citrus rootstocks on vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, leaf mineral content of the three studied scions as well as the effect of such scions on root system growth of both rootstocks. The obtained results indicated that, Volkamer lemon rootstock  recorded the highest significant values of vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality except  T.S.S% and ascorbic acid content . Sour orange rootstock gave the highest significant effect on values of leaf mineral content (N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) however V.L. showed the highest significant value. while, Ca leaf content recorded insignificantly difference between both  rootstocks. Leaf Mn, content was significantly the highest with S.O. in both seasons. Root fresh and dry weight were the highest significantly with V.L. rootstock. From the showed result, one can recorded that V.O. scion significantly increased the vigour of V.L. root fresh and dry weight. While, B.O. scion showed significantly the lowest vigoure of V.L. root fresh and dry weight. On the other hand, N.O. scion gave a midiate result between V.O. and B.O. scions on root fresh and dry weight.

Despite the increase in vegetable exports from 329 thousand ton in the year 2000 to about 3156 thousand tons in 2010, and the increase in vegetable local production from 14.8 million tons to 1019.5 million tons during the same period,the deficit in the agricultural trade balance has increased from $ 11 million in the year 2007 to about $ 18 million in 2012.However, it is noticed that exports of strawberries and artichoke the nontraditional crops, have increased from $ 2.2 million in 2002 to about $ 24.9 million in 2012. For this, the study endeavor to give special concerns to the two products particularly for their high average export prices which have tripled compared with potatoes and onions in recent years. The paper revealed that average exports of strawberries have increased to about 6391 ton and to about 32.6 thousand tons during the period 2005-2007 and 2008-2010 respectively. Belgian market absorbed about 19% and 23 % of the quantity exported during the two periods. Saudi Arabia imported about 11.3 % and 21.4 % of Egyptian strawberries. Egypt has a comparative advantage in producing strawberries as it came the second after Spain. Strawberries face strong competition and the penetration index was put at 0.002 and 0.779 during the two studied periods. This also noticed that Egypt has a relative price advantage compared with Holland, France, Belgium and Spain. For artichoke, the study shows a decrease of average exports from 14.8 thousand tons during the first period to about 11.7 thousand tons during the second period. Italian market absorbed about 64 % and 80 % of total artichoke. Egypt has a relative advantage in producing this crop compared with competing countries. Egypt also price advantage in artichoke compared with Spain, France, and Italy. The paper shows that determinants of total global demand of Strawberries as export to Saudi Arabia, relative price of Saudi price and export price of Egypt and Spain. For artichoke, the determinants were production in Italy, France export price in addition to production and price ratio in French market. The first equation in the econometric model shows that per head consumption of strawberries increases by about 0.95 % with the increase in local production. The second equation in the model shows that per head consumption in important imported countries increases with the increase of per head local production, exchange rate, the increase of per head income in Germany. The study shows that Egyptian –European partnership agreement has its positive effect on strawberries exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.02 % , 0.07 %  and 0.1% with the increase in per head  local consumption in the last year and the decrease each of per head production in Italy and Russia in the last year, respectively. As for artichoke, the study shows in the first equation of the model that average per head consumption has increased by about 1.01 %, 0.01 % and 0.1% with the increase in local production and the decrease each of artichoke exports and Egyptian price, respectively. The second equation in the model shows that per head Egyptian export in important imported countries with the increase by about 1.1% , 1.2% , 1.8% ,2.1% ,4.7% with the increase  each of export prices in France, Italy, Spain, exchange rate and per capita income in Germany , respectively., Per head of Egyptian export of artichoke has Also increased by about 0.97% , 0.2% with the decrease  each of per head consumption in Egypt and export price of Egypt , respectively . The study showed a negative effect of Egyptian European partnership agreement and SPS treaty on artichoke exports. The third equation in the model shows that per head local production has increased by about 0.01 % , 1.8 % , 1.4% and 0.38% with the increase in per head  local production in the last year and the decrease all of per head production in Italy , Russia and Greece in the last year , respectively.

Poverty is great obstacle towards achieving sustainable development and economic growth, and threatens political and social stability and security. Poverty doesn’t mean only lack of necessities to fulfill individuals’ welfare, but deprivation from opportunities and choices. Though, previous governments-prior to 25th of January revolution embarked a program aiming poor people through an integrated bunch of developmental projects to improve poor people’s quality of life. This program consists of two main parts: first the main development program targeting 1000 poorest villages (according to the economic development ministry, 2008) and second part the integrated development program which targets 151 villages. In order to enhance the governmental initiative and improve the agriculture sector in Egypt, the current study aims at identifying the conditions of these poor communities via targeting two main and important categories which are agricultural laborers and farmers either tenants or renters of the agricultural lands from gender perspectives, besides identify- ing their problems and suggestions to overcome these problems and their relationship with the relevant agricultural institutions and private sector, and finally their suggested policies to enhance and attract investments to the agriculture sector in Egypt, which will eventually lead to application of more convenient measurements and policies to improve poor people’s livelihoods. The study’s results revealed the rooted poverty especially among agricultural laborers either male or female, but mostly among females, as most of them lack skills, and not gathered in one entity, besides low wages and seasonality of the agriculture work. Therefore most of them are willing to shift to other work opportunities. As for farmers, they suffer from many problems such as high agricultural input prices, soil deterioration, irrigation problems, and deteriorated drainage networks and finally lack of agriculture extension services. In light of the previous results, if no serious measurements and actions taken by the government and relevant stakeholders to improve the agriculture system as a whole, and improve laborers capabilities, solving irrigation and drainage problems, and accessing markets, then we will lose our capabilities to face the accelerating challenges and imbalance in our food security and moreover trapped in the vicious poverty cycle.

The study aims at estimating internal rate of return for the cultivation of date palms project in the new lands to encourage small investors and young graduates, to adopt projects of sustainable agricultural development under the assumption of change revenues and invested costs of the project. Also, explaining some productivity and economic indicators to produce dates in Egypt. The study showed that palm area, number of fruitful palms, palm productivity and the total production of dates annually increase at significant rates during the period of 1996 - 2010. The most important regions producing dates are Behera, Ismailia, 6 October, Aswan, New Valley, Matrouh and Noubaria zone. The most important cultivated varieties are Zaghloul, Samani, Meghal and Siwei. The study indicated that internal rate of return in the new lands as in Northern Sinai, Matrouh and the New Valley reached 28%. It was observed that decreasing total revenue up to 25% with increasing investment costs up to 25%, the internal rate of return is not less than 18%. So, cultivation of date palms is economically a profitable project. Thus, this project contributes to the horizontal agricultural expansion, reducing desertification, encourages some industries related to palm cultivation, creates new jobs, increases date export opportunities to overseas markets and increases agricultural income. Also, profits gained by young graduates are sufficient to pay annual premiums of received loans in addition to the interest of these loans, so that the left return is enough for their livelihood.

The study aimed mainly to explore the customary judgment in the study area from the viewpoint of respondents, identify their personal and social characteristics, and determine barriers faced the local judgment and their suggestions to overcome it. Data were collected from 33 proposed respondents distributed on seven tribes in North Sinai governorate, using questionnaire form during May 2010. Frequencies, percentages, and average were used for data display. Findings show that about one third of respondents are illiterate, 81.8% of them are located in the category of high leadership, and 72.7% of them are highly exposed. The most important criteria of the selection of customary judges are heredity, biography, and social status. The main sanctions imposed by local judges are fines (camels), oath, and compensation. The most important obstacles facing customary judgment are the highly expenses incurred by the judges in the transition to conflect place and communication, with weak financial potential of some judges, and relying on the judicial wisdom and sideburns only without reference to the experienced people, especially in the emerging issues on the Sinai community

Saudi Arabia is its unproductive for vegetable oils in terms of the Kingdom of import and re-export of imported some oils such as corn oil, sunflower oil and olive oil. The quantity and value of exports and imports of these oils are more than a year, however, excluded from that increase the amount of imports of corn oil, the higher the amount of exports of corn oil and olive and palm Also oil  sunflower during the study period, while decreased the amount of exports of sesame oil during the study period also increased the amount of Imports of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower increase of about 50.87%, 75.6%, 79.3%, 1141.3%, 50.9% and 611.2%, respectively, during the study period, the study shows the average monthly consumption of the average household Per capita consumption in the research sample was about 0.66, 0.39, 0.48, 1.25, 0.75 per month per liter of corn oil, olive, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower, respectively, and study the average household monthly spending shows that   average household spending in research sample amounted to about 35.2, 39.6, 11.0, 9.2, 30.8 riyals per month for each of corn and olive oil, palm and sesame, soy and sunflower. And study the impact of the level of high oil prices on consumption study sample turned out to be about 61.25% of the study sample affects the families of high oil prices on oil consumption. Estimate function per capita expenditure on oil through the sample research was estimated flexibility expenditure Oils for about 0.21, meaning that individual request oils increase by less than increasing per capita income, as an increase in income by about 10% lead to increased consumer spending on oil by about 2.1%, which means that spending on inelastic oils and oils from the goods necessary for the individual. Assessment of the factors affecting the consumption of oils through the sample research shows that the number of individuals is most influential as the change rate of one individual in the family leads to a change of $ 1.2 riyals in spending on oil while the change rate of one riyal in income leads to a change of $ 0.008 riyals in spending vegetable oils. Also all the different income groups both equally among them in terms of importance in influencing the variation consumption of vegetable oils.

The purpose of this study is to measure the job characteristics of agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate using Hackman and Oldham’s Model, and to examine the model fit with the current study. The job diagnostic survey was used as the assessment tool to measure the components of the job characteristics model. Data were collected from all of the agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate (84 personnel) by questionnaire. The job characteristics model’s overall fit with the data was evaluated using common model goodness of fit measures estimated by AMOS. The results showed that dealing with others and feedback received the highest ratings; autonomy and skill variety received the lowest ratings from the core job characteristics. The moderate feelings towards the core job dimensions yielded a low motivating potential score. Knowledge of results yielded the highest rating and experienced responsibility yielded the lowest rating from the psychological states. Internal work motivation received the highest rating and growth satisfaction received the lowest rating from the personal/work outcomes. Stimulating work environment yielded the highest rating and pay satisfaction yielded the lowest rating from the moderators of the model. The various indices of overall goodness of fit for the model lent sufficient support for the results to be an acceptable representation of the job characteristics model.

This study explored the opinions of central level extension employees about whether the Egyptian agricultural extension system needs to be reformed or not, and the alternatives they consider to be the best-fit options for extension in Egypt. The study covered 98 extension employees at the central level; findings show that all aspects of the Egyptian extension system are good candidates for reform and possible restructuring. These aspects could be ranked as financing, policy & organizational structure, staffing, and field operations as reported by 100%, 95%, 91%, and 68% of the respondents, respectively. Concerning the overall extension system, about 91% of the respondents reported that the Egyptian extension system is a good candidate for reform and possible restructuring. Findings also show that devolution, deconcentration, and delegation were the appropriate arrangements for extension decentralization as mentioned by 85%, 82%, and 55% of the respondents, respectively. Moreover, alternatives of providing and financing extension services were suggested and prioritized.