In this study, we investigated the biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory activities as well as single oral dose toxicity of fermented Rhus verniciflua extract (FRVE). In order to examine anti-tumor activity of FRVE, the sarcoma 180 cells were treated with FRVE at various concentrations (0.03, 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/mL) in microtetrazolium (MTT) assay. In MTT assay, all the cells treated with FRVE at various concentrations have shown a significant difference compared with control (p less than 0.05). In xanthine oxidase inhibition assay to examine the antioxidant activity, the xanthine oxidase inhibition rate of FRVE at 1.5 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL was 85±15.01% and 99±16.02%, respectively. Nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells showed that FRVE showed a significant anti-inflammation effect at 3 mg/mL (p less than 0.05). In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinical signs, body weight gains, feed and water consumptions. The results indicated that lethal dose 50 (LD∧50) of FRVE was found to be higher than 5,000 mg/kg in this experiment. From the above results, we may suggest that FRVE might have useful as a material for functional food and/ or animal pharmaceutics.

The purpose of this study is to examine the elemental compositions, antioxidant and antitumor activity of water, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% ethanol extracts obtained from the fruiting body of Phellinus gilvus. In electron donating ability test, the strong activities more than 70% were observed in 80 μg/ml of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% ethanol extracts from the fruiting body of P. gilvus grown in oak and sawdust. The antitumor activity was evaluated by sulforhodamine B (SRB) in terms of cell survival level. The tumor cells (sarcoma 180) were treated with various ethanol extracts (water, 20, 40, 60 and 80%). The results showed that all extracts inhibited proliferation showing a dose-dependent manner against tumor cells.

The kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) is well known to contain anti-oxidants. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant effects of kiwi extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced liver injury in BALB/c mice. The radical scavenging effect of 80% methanol extract of Halla-Gold kiwi was observed. For the animal study, mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, CCl₄-induced model group, kiwi extract administered group, and silymarin treated group. The kiwi extract was provided daily for 10 days. At the 24 h after last administration, CCl₄ was injected. The kiwi extract showed strong inhibitory effect of DPPH radicals and superoxide scavenging. In animal study, administration of CCl₄ resulted in significantly elevated plasma levels of ALT and AST but they decreased in kiwiextract pretreated group. Anti-oxidant enzymes such as GSH-px and GSH-rd were restored in the kiwi extract treatment group. Histopathological degeneration was also prevented in the kiwi extract treated group compared with of the control group, which exhibited CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that kiwi extract showed protective effects, not only as anti-oxidant effects, but also in the protection of hepatotoxicity in CCl₄-intoxicated mice.

Several compounds and extracts isolated from a brown alga, Ishige (I.) okamurae, exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study investigated whether the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of I. okamurae (EFIO) could ameliorate carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with EFIO at 10 or 50 mg/kg per day for 2 consecutive days before CCl₄ injection (3.3 mL/kg, i.p.). Twenty four hours later, the rats were anesthesized with diethyl ether and dissected. Pretreatment with EFIO significantly reduced the increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in CCl₄-treated rats. Pretreatment with EFIO also significantly inhibited the reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CCl₄-injured liver. Histopathological evaluations showed that hemorrhage, hepatocyte necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fatty degeneration induced by CCl₄ treatment were ameliorated by the administration of EFIO. Additionally, liver immunohistochemical analyses revealed the marked reduction in ED1-positive monocyte-like macrophages in EFIO-pretreated rats given CCl₄. These results suggest that EFIO ameliorates CCl₄-induced liver injury, possibly through the inhibition of oxidative stress.

Therapeutic and anti-oxidant potential of vitamin E and selenium was evaluated in mastitic cows. The CMT point score and milk somatic cell count (SCC) was significantly (P0.05) higher in mastitic cows prior to treatment. Reduced activity of enzymatic anti-oxidant catalase was observed in mastitic animals. The parameters studied in mastitic cows treated amoxicillin sulbactum (group II) and with amoxicillin sulbactum, vitamin E and selenium (group III) were compared with that of group I healthy cows. Significant reduction (P0.05) in CMT and SCC was observed in both the treated groups. However, reduction in CMT point score and SCC was more pronounced in group III than group II cows. Synergistic action of antibiotic and vitamin E selenium significantly (P0.05) enhanced the activity of catalase in group III mastitic animals on day 8 time period. Therefore, vitamin E and selenium supplementation could be advised in the therapy of mastitis.

This article summarizes the different types of free radicals, antioxidants and the effect of oxidative stress on the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in bovine liver diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that the formation of reactive oxygen species is a common occurrence associated with most if not all disease processes. The overall importance of reactive oxygen species to the progression and severity of various disease states varies greatly depending on the conditions and whether the disease is acute or chronic. Free radical researches in animals are in progress and further investigations are needed to establish the involvement of reactive oxygen species in diseases affecting different animal species and the pathology they produce.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante da adição de óleos de copaíba (CP) e sucupira (SC) na alimentação de poedeiras sobre a oxidação lipídica de ovos in natura armazenados em temperatura ambiente (TA) por 30 dias e sob refrigeração (R) a 4ºC por 60 dias, e de gemas cozidas mantidas sob R por 30 dias. As poedeiras foram alimentadas com ração isoproteica (15% PB) e isoenergética (2900 kcal kg-1) à base de milho e farelo de soja, com inclusão de óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii (CP) nas proporções de 0,03; 0,06 e 0,09% ou de Pterodon emarginatus (SC) nas proporções de 0,03 e 0,06%, mais um controle negativo (CN). Foram coletados 667 ovos às 37 semanas de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente nas diferentes condições de armazenamento (TA ou R). A oxidação dos lipídios de ovos in natura foi quantificada em quadruplicata e das gemas cozidas em duplicata, utilizando-se “pool” de 3 gemas/tratamento para as análises de TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Os dados foram avaliados adotando um modelo misto e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em 5% de nível de significância e o período de armazenamento foi considerado como um fator longitudinal, variando de cinco tempos no experimento com gemas cozidas, e nos ovos in natura sob R e em TA (0 a 30 dias), até nove tempos sob R (0 a 60 dias). Foi observado que a adição de óleo de CP e SC não reduziu os valores de TBARS em ovos in natura armazenados em TA e sob R em relação ao CN. No armazenamento de gemas cozidas, a inclusão CP (0,03 e 0,06%) protegeu os lipídios até os 21 dias, mas apresentou efeito pró-oxidante quando suplementado a 0,09%. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de até 0,06% de óleorresina de CP nas rações de poedeiras pode proteger os lipídios da gema cozida contra a oxidação durante o armazenamento refrigerado por até 21 dias.

Selenium and vitamin E are important antioxidants for cells and tissues protection acting directly as a support for the udder health. This experiment was designed to evaluate the influence of prepartum selenium and vitamin E supplementation on milk somatic cell counts of Holstein cows during summer period. Eighty animals were allocated into four treatments: control; supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day; supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin E/day and supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day + 1000 IU vitamin E/day. The supplementation started thirty days prior to probable parturition date until parturition. Forage and concentrate samples were taken every fifteen days for chemical and selenium analyses. Blood samples were taken before starting supplementation, right after parturition, thirty and sixty days after it to determine the selenium serum levels. Milk samples were taken to determine SCC. Selenium supplemented cows had higher serum selenium concentration compared with control group (P<0.05). The selenium and vitamin E do not decrease (P>;0.05) SCC up to 12th week of lactation. | O selênio e a vitamina E são antioxidantes importantes na defesa de células e tecidos e atuam diretamente na manutenção da saúde do úbere, influenciando a contagem de células somáticas, indicador da mastite. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do selênio e da vitamina E sobre a contagem de células somáticas no leite de vacas da raça holandesa, durante o período das águas. Oitenta animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle; suplementação com 2,5 mg Se/dia; suplementação com 1000 UI vit. E/dia e suplementação com 2,5 mg Se + 1000 UI vit. E/dia. A suplementação foi iniciada 30 dias antes da provável data de parição, prolongando-se até o parto. Amostras do volumoso e do concentrado foram colhidas, quinzenalmente, para análise bromatológica completa e levantamento dos níveis de selênio. O sangue foi colhido antes do início da suplementação, no parto, 30 e 60 dias após o parto, para determinação dos níveis de Se no soro sangüíneo das vacas. O leite foi colhido semanalmente, para determinação da contagem de células somáticas (CCS). O período de colheita iniciou-se logo após o período colostral, prolongando-se até a décima segunda semana de lactação. Um mês após a suplementação, as vacas que receberam selênio apresentaram níveis séricos superiores (P<0,05) ao grupo controle. O selênio e a vitamina E não afetaram (P>;0,05) a CCS nas doze primeiras semanas de lactação e não foi encontrado efeito de interação entre os dois elementos.

O selênio e a vitamina E são antioxidantes importantes na defesa de células e tecidos e atuam diretamente na manutenção da saúde do úbere, influenciando a contagem de células somáticas, indicador da mastite. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do selênio e da vitamina E sobre a contagem de células somáticas no leite de vacas da raça holandesa, durante o período das águas. Oitenta animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle; suplementação com 2,5 mg Se/dia; suplementação com 1000 UI vit. E/dia e suplementação com 2,5 mg Se + 1000 UI vit. E/dia. A suplementação foi iniciada 30 dias antes da provável data de parição, prolongando-se até o parto. Amostras do volumoso e do concentrado foram colhidas, quinzenalmente, para análise bromatológica completa e levantamento dos níveis de selênio. O sangue foi colhido antes do início da suplementação, no parto, 30 e 60 dias após o parto, para determinação dos níveis de Se no soro sangüíneo das vacas. O leite foi colhido semanalmente, para determinação da contagem de células somáticas (CCS). O período de colheita iniciou-se logo após o período colostral, prolongando-se até a décima segunda semana de lactação. Um mês após a suplementação, as vacas que receberam selênio apresentaram níveis séricos superiores (P;0,05) a CCS nas doze primeiras semanas de lactação e não foi encontrado efeito de interação entre os dois elementos.