Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels under seasonal variations in dairy cows during transition period, and to assess the relationship between chosen reproductive parameters, GSH-Px, and MDA. Material and Methods: Holstein cows calving in January were assigned into winter group (n = 42), while cows calving in August were assigned into summer group (n = 42). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 21, 14, and 7 days before calving, at calving (0 day), and 7, 14, and 21 days after calving. Reproductive parameters obtained from farm records were evaluated. Results: In both groups of cows, GSH-Px activity decreased from 21 days before calving to day 0, and it gradually continued to increase until 21 days after calving. GSH-Px activity was higher in winter group compared to summer group during the transition period (P < 0.05). MDA levels in both groups increased over time starting from 21 days before calving to 0 day, but it gradually decreased thereafter. MDA levels were higher in summer group compared to winter group during the transition periods (P < 0.05). Summer group of cows showed higher intervals of calving-to-oestrus, calving-to-conception, and higher insemination index (P < 0.01). Negative correlation was recorded between GSH-Px and MDA during all examination days (P < 0.01). MDA levels correlated with calving to conception interval on day 21 before calving and day 0 (P < 0.01) and insemination index on day 0 and 21 days after calving (P < 0.01). GSH-Px activity was negatively correlated with calving to conception interval on day 21 before calving, day 0, and 21 days (P < 0.01) after calving. Negative correlation on day 21 before calving and day 0 was also determined between GSH-Px and insemination index (P < 0.01). Conclusion: This study showed that blood oxidant and antioxidant levels have affected the fertility parameters in cows under seasonal variations.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are widely used as a tool to improve reproductive per¬formance in both humans and animals. In particular, in the veterinary field, ARTs are used to improve animal genetics, recover endangered animals, and produce offspring in the event of sub¬fertility or infertility in males or females. However, the use of ARTs did not improve the fertilization rate in some animals due to various factors such as the difficulty in reproducing an anatomical and humoral substrate typical of the natural condition or due to the increase in catabolites and their difficult elimination. The in vitro environment allows the production and increase in the concentration of substances, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be harmful to gametes. If produced in high concentration, the ROS becomes deleterious, both in vitro and in vivo systems. It has been seen that the use of antioxidants can help neutralize or counteract the production of ROS. The present study aims to report the latest findings regarding the use of antioxidants in ARTs of some domestic species, such as dogs, cats, and horses, compared to other animal species, such as cattle, in which ARTs have instead developed more widely. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(1.000): 173-184]

Objective: The work aimed to determine the state of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of the antioxidant system in cats with aseptic inflammation and purulent-inflammatory processes of varying severity. Materials and Methods: The intensity of the process of lipid peroxidation- antioxidant system processes in blood plasma was evaluated using commercial kits. The level of diene conjugates (DC), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the level of medium-weight molecules were deter¬mined from lipid peroxidation indices. The state of antioxidant protection was assessed by indi¬cators of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CT), ceruloplasmin (CP) concentration, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase (GLR), and total antioxidant activity (AOA). Results: With aseptic inflammation in the blood of cats, a slow activation of peroxidation reactions occurred. The DC indicator increased by 1.4 times, the SOD level rose by 1.38 times, the amount of GLR by 1.04 times, and the activation of total AOA by 9.06. In sepsis, the values of DC, MDA, and medium-weight molecules increased by 4.4, 8.4, and 8.8 times, respectively. With abscesses in the blood of cats, an increase in CT, CP, and GLR is observed against a background of a decrease in glutathione peroxidase. With purulent wounds, the total AOA of plasma increases by 2.5 times; with abscesses, the total AOA increases by 1.9 times, and with sepsis, it decreases by 1.5 times. Conclusion: With surgical infections in cats, deep biochemical changes or irreversible biochemical changes (in sepsis) occur that indicate a significantly enhanced catabolic orientation of metabolic processes and the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which leads to damage and a decrease in tissue regenerative capacity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(2.000): 210-217]

This study was planned to determine the effect of certain vitamin applications on antioxidant and oxidant parameters in the osteoblast cell line exposed to sodium fluoride in vitro and to evaluate the protective role of certain vitamins against possible toxic effects of fluoride. Cells were replicated in vitro conditions with regular passaging 2-3 times weekly. MTF viability test was used to determine IC50 of NaF (5000μM) and proliferative doses of vitamins (Vitamin A: 10μM, Vitamin D: 10μM, Vitamin E: 60μM, Vitamin C: 100μM) for hFOB 1.19 cells. Cells were sown in flasks as so to be 106. The study groups were identified as control, NaF, vitamins and NaF+vitamins. After incubation for 24 hours, cells treated with trypsin were prepared by freeze/thaw method and MTT viability test, TAS, SOD, GSH, CAT, TOS and MDA analyzes were performed on these samples.In the hFOB 1.19 cell line, TAS levels decreased significantly in the NaF group (p≤0.05), but were close to the control group in NaF+vitamin groups with the exception of vitamin C. However, there was no difference between the groups in terms of GSH level and CAT and SOD activities when the control and NaF groups were compared. It was observed that TOS level increased significantly in the NaF group (p<0.05), decreased in the NaF+vitamin groups and were lower in the NaF+vitamin C and E groups than the control group (p <0.05). While OSI was the highest in the NaF group, no significant difference in MDA level was observed compared with the control group.Conclusion: As a result, it was found that NaF administration in the osteoblast cell line increased oxidative stress and decreased following vitamin application. It was found that the effect of NaF administration in the osteoblast cell line on cell viability was consistent with the oxidative stability and that the vitamin application conformably changed cell viability and oxidative balance.

Thirty horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups. All horses were anesthetized and subjected to ventral midline celiotomy, then the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Colonic arterial blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline (BL) and was maintained for 3 hours. Colonic blood flow was then restored, and the colon was reperfused for an additional 3 hours. One of 5 drug solutions was administered via the jugular vein 30 minutes prior to colonic reperfusion: group 1, 0.9% NaCl; group 2, dimethyl sulfoxide: 1 g/kg of body weight; group 3, allopurinol: 25 mg/kg; group 4, 21-aminosteroid U-74389G: 10 mg/kg; and group 5, manganese chloride (MnCl2): 10 mg/kg. Hemodynamic variables were monitored and recorded at 30-minutes intervals. Systemic arterial, systemic venous (SV), and colonic venous (CV) blood samples were collected for measurement of blood gas tensions, oximetry, lactate concentration, PCV, and plasma total protein concentration. The eicosanoids, 6-keto prostaglandin F1alpha, prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane B2, were measured in CV blood, and endotoxin was measured in CV and SV blood. Full-thickness biopsy specimens were harvested from the left ventral colon for histologic evaluation and determination of wet weight-to-dry weight ratios (WW:DW). Data were analyzed, using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac output increased with MnCl2 infusion; heart rate and cardiac output remained increased throughout the study, but mean arterial pressure returned to BL values within 30 minutes after completion of MnCl2 infusion. Other drug-induced changes were not significant. There were significant increases in mean pulmonary artery and mean right atrial pressures at 2 and 2.5 hours in horses of all groups, but other changes across time or differences among groups were not observed. Mean pulmonary artery pressure remained increased through 6 hours in all groups, but mean right atrial pressure had returned to BL values at 3 hours. Mean colonic arterial pressure was significantly decreased at 30 minutes of ischemia and remained decreased through 6 hours; however, by 3.25 hours it was significantly higher than the value at 3 hours of ischemia. Colonic arterial resistance decreased during ischemia and remained decreased throughout reperfusion in all groups; there were no differences among groups for colonic arterial resistance. Colonic venous PO2, oxygen content, and pH decreased, and PCO2 and lactate concentration increased during ischemia but returned to BL values during reperfusion. Compared with BL values, colonic oxygen extraction ratio was increased from 0.5 to 3 hours. By 15 minutes of reperfusion, colonic oxygen extraction ratio had decreased from the BL value in all groups and either remained decreased or returned to values not different from BL through 6 hours. Colonic venous 6-keto prostaglandin F1alpha and prostaglandin E2 concentrations increased during ischemia, but returned to BL on reperfusion; there were no changes in thromboxane2 concentration among or within groups. Endotoxin was not detected in CV or SV blood after ischemia or reperfusion. There were no differences among or within groups for these variables. Low-flow ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) of the large colon caused mucosal injury, as evidenced by increases in percentage of surface mucosal disruption, percentage depth of mucosal loss, mucosal hemorrhage, mucosal edema, mucosal interstitial-to-crypt ratio, mucosal neutrophil index, submucosal venular neutrophil numbers, and mucosal cellular debris index. There was a trend (P = 0.06) toward greater percentage depth of mucosal loss at 6 hours in horses treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, compared with the vehicle control solution. There were no differences in the remainder of the histologic variables among groups. Full-thickness and mucosal WW:DW increased with colonic I-R, but there were no differences among groups. There was a trend (P = 0.09) toward neutrophil accumulation, as measured by myeloperoxidase activity, in the lungs after colonic I-R, but there were no differences among groups. There was no change in lung WW:DW after colonic I-R. There were no beneficial effects of drugs directed against oxygen-derived free radical-mediated damage on colonic mucosal injury associated with low-flow I-R. Deleterious drug-induced hemodynamic effects were not observed in this study.

          The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleoforce® supplementation on the antioxidative status and the molecular expression of IGF-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 genes in broiler chickens. 240, one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four equal groups, each of which contained 60 birds and was divided into three replicates with 20 birds for each replicate. Birds in the first group fed basal diet and considered as a control group (C), whereas birds of the second (200N), third (350N), and fourth (500N) groups fed diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/ton nucleoforce®, respectively from zero day till the end of the experiment. At days 21 and 49 of age, two birds from each replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered, and dissected to collect blood and tissue samples. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were calculated as an indicator for the antioxidant status. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in liver, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that the highest nucleoforce® concentration (500g/ton) resulted in time dependent significant increases in both SOD and GPx. This study also indicated that nucleotides supplementation resulted in significant up regulations of growth and immune related gene expression with the best results were obtained with the highest nucleotides concentration. In conclusion, dietary nucleoforce® inclusion can improve the performance of broiler chickens and enhance their antioxidative and immune status.

Moringa Oleifera (MO) is a miracle plant of huge medical significance. It could be used to suppress the aggressiveness of various tumors as well as ameliorate the consequences of chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study; 49 albino rats were used to evaluate the effect of MO nanoparticles (MONPs) in DMBA-induced breast cancer rats (BC-induced) treated with doxorubicin (DOX). Cardiotoxicity, antioxidant markers, and protein profile were evaluated. Serum and mammary glands samples were collected for both biochemical and histopathological examinations. Rats were classified into control and BC-induced rats. The last group was further divided into 6 groups to evaluate the synergistic and prophylactic effects of MONPs. There was a significant reduction in the levels of tumor, and cardiotoxicity markers with a significant increase in the antioxidants/oxidants and proteins profile in BC-induced rats treated synergistically or/and prophylactically with MONPs and DOX. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of MONPs and synergistic use of MONPs and DOX induced a magnificent resistance against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin and ameliorated the aggressiveness of breast cancer as well as the oxidative stress induced in rats.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamins A, E, and C and volatile oils (Superimmune®) on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows. For this purpose, 30 lactating Holstein cows were used at an early stage of lactation. The cows were randomly allocated to five groups (six each). The first group was supplemented daily with 20 ml of Superimmune® (200,000 IU vit. A, 100mg vit E and 20mg vit. C, Eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, and peppermint oil). The second group was supplemented with 200,000 IU vit. A: third group with 100 mg vit. E), and the fourth group (20 mg vit. C. The fifth group was maintained without treatment (control). Milk production, somatic cell counts, and antioxidant parameters were measured before treatment and at one- and two-months post-treatment. Cows that received Superimmune® showed a significant decrease in somatic cell count compared with the other groups at one-month post-treatment (p<0.05) and onward. There was also a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p<0.01), glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01) in cows that received a combination compared to the other groups). However, there was a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.01). Milk production showed a non-significant increase in cows receiving a combination of vitamins compared to the other groups. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamins and volatile oils may have a better effect on somatic cell counts and milk antioxidant parameters in dairy cows than supplementation with a single vitamin.

OBJECTIVE To determine the plasma total antioxidant capacity, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity, and plasma coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) concentration in dogs with various stages of cardiovascular diseases and in healthy dogs; assess the influence of cardiac treatment on the levels of antioxidant variables, plasma CoQ10 concentration, and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration, and determine any correlation between the disease severity (NT-proBNP concentration) and antioxidant variables or CoQ10 concentration. ANIMALS 43 dogs with various types and stages of cardiovascular diseases (congenital and acquired) and 29 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected from all dogs for spectrophotometric assessment of antioxidant variables. Plasma CoQ10 concentration was determined with a high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry method. Serum NT-proBNP concentration was measured with an ELISA. RESULTS Values for antioxidant variables did not differ among groups of dogs with cardiovascular diseases, regardless of disease stage or treatment. Plasma CoQ10 concentration was significantly increased in treated dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), compared with untreated patients. However, plasma CoQ10 concentration did not differ among heart failure classes. A significant, negative correlation between serum NT-proBNP and plasma CoQ10 concentrations was identified in treated CHF-affected dogs, suggesting that low plasma CoQ10 concentration may be associated with increased severity of CHF. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antioxidant variables evaluated were not altered in dogs with CHF, regardless of cardiac disease stage or treatment. Further investigation into the possible effects of CoQ10 supplementation in dogs with advanced stages of CHF is warranted.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a long-term antioxidant-supplemented diet to regulate the oxidative stress and general health status of dogs involved in animal-assisted intervention (AAI) programs. Oxidative stress is a consequence of the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exercise-induced oxidative stress can increase muscle fatigue and fiber damage and eventually leads to impairment of the immune system. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical evaluation was conducted with 11 healthy therapy dogs: 6 females and 5 males of different breeds and with a mean age of 2.7 ± 0.8 y (mean ± SEM). The dogs were divided into 2 groups, 1 fed a high quality commercial diet without antioxidants (CD) and the other a high quality commercial diet supplemented with antioxidants (SD) for 18 wk. After the first 18 wk, metabolic parameters, reactive oxygen metabolite-derivatives (d-ROMs), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels were monitored and showed a significant reduction of d-ROMs, triglycerides, and creatinine values in the SD group (P < 0.05) and a significant increase in amylase values in the CD group (P < 0.01). At the end of this period, groups were crossed over and fed for another 18 wk. A significant decrease in amylase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) values was observed in the CD and SD group, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a controlled, balanced antioxidant diet may be a valid approach to restoring good cell metabolism and neutralizing excess free radicals in therapy dogs.