The donkey population has remained unchanged in the last two decades despite a decrease in the overall population of equids, emphasizing the usefulness of the donkey as a draught and pack animal. Piroplasmosis in donkeys, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, has been recognized as a serious problem of major economic importance as the affected animals manifest decreased working capacity, loss of appetite, etc. In tropical countries, T. equi infections are more wide-spread and pathogenic than those caused by B. caballi. Donkeys usually remain asymptomatic carriers with positive antibody titres throughout life. Transmission of infection occurs from animal to animal through ticks such as Hyalomma spp. Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. The clinical form of the disease is diagnosed by peripheral blood smear examination, but in carrier donkeys it is very difficult to demonstrate the parasite in stained blood smears as the parasitaemia is extremely low. For diagnosis of such low grade infection or carrier animals, serological tests and DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques, which are discussed in the present review, have become mandatory. Currently, there is no suitable pharmacotherapy available to clear the T. equi infection from affected donkeys, though some new drugs and drug combinations used against this disease condition have been discussed. In the present situation, there is an urgent need for international cooperation and coordination for development of sensitive molecular diagnostic tools and effective pharmacotherapies for curtailment of the disease condition. Hence, it is imperative to develop and exchange reagents and technology developed through human resource sharing in the interest of sustainability of donkey husbandry.

In a morphologic study of 15 spermatic cord pairs of male mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus), histology showed in 5 pairs that its components are involved in a thin capsule of a dense connective tissue, covered by a mesothelium. Underneath the capsule, in a close relation, we identified the internal cremaster muscle. This muscle goes with mesoductus. The funicular capsule and muscular tissue form a few small plicae. The funicular vessels (testicular artery and veins) are wrapped up in loose conjunctive tissue prevailing collagen fibers. The funicular part of the testicular artery is convoluted. It shows a thick tunica média vasorum supported by a net of reticular fibers; tunica intima vasorum is build up endothelium, thin connective tissue and a well defined internal elastic layer; tunica externa vasorum with the connective tissue becoming part of intervascular connective tissue. The testicular veins constituted a very elaborated close-meshed pampiniform plexus in which contortions of the artery are embedded. These veins have a medial tunic formed by elastic and reticular fibers, with a few muscular fibers without valves. The part of testicular artery model obtained with Neoprene latex 450 in 20 preparations, corresponding to 10 pairs of spermatic cords, have mean, maximum, and minimum lengths, respectively, of 58,2 cm, 81 cm, and 44 cm to the right side and 66,5 cm, 96 cm, and 51 cm to the left side. | Estudando 15 pares de funículos espermáticos de burros (Equus asinus x Equus caballus), observamos em 5 pares que seus componentes acham-se envolvidos por delgada cápsula de tecido conjuntivo denso, revestido por mesotélio. Sob esta cápsula e em estreita relação com ela encontra-se espessa camada de musculatura lisa (músculo cremáster interno) que acompanha também o mesoducto deferente. A cápsula funicular e o músculo cremáster interno aparecem em alguns pontos levemente pregueados. Os componentes vásculo-nervosos estão envolvidos por tecido conjuntivo frouxo integrado predominantemente por fibras colágenas. A artéria testicular no funículo mostra trajeto sinuoso, túnica interna constituída por endotélio acompanhado de delicada camada de tecido conjuntivo e lâmina elástica limitante interna. Sua espessa túnica média é composta por fibras musculares lisas sustentadas por rede de fibras reticulares, e a túnica externa, por tecido conjuntivo que se confunde com o tecido conjuntivo intervascular. As veias testiculares aparecem em grande número, possuem túnica média formada por fibras elásticas e reticulares, com poucas fibras musculares e são desprovidas de válvulas, envolvem as artérias testiculares formando os plexos pampiniformes. O modelo do segmento da artéria testicular obtido com Neoprene látex 450 em 20 preparações, correspondentes a 10 pares de funículos espermáticos, apresentaram, respectivamente como comprimentos médio, máximo e mínimo, 58,2 cm, 81,0 cm e 44,0 cm à direita e 66,3 cm, 96,0 cm e 51,0 cm à esquerda.