Hookworm infection, a global problem of human, is caused by both Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These parasites are considered as important blood feeding nematodes. Hookworm is usually prevalent among the people who live with low socio-economic status. However, this tropical disease is neglected in most cases. This review was aimed at investigating the insights of hookworm infection of human considering its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, immune mechanism, prevention, and control. This study showed how hookworm infection poses a global burden and infects 438.9 million people around the word annualy, and causes significant morbidity among the children and adult in endemic countries. Also, this review discussed how hookworm infection threatens the mankind causing serious health hazards. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 297-320]

We have studied, by a nonisotopic in situ end-laveling(ISEL) technique, frequency of apoptosis in the external granular layer(EGL) of the cerebellum of immature mice by Y-rays irradiation from 60Co or diagnostic ultrasound exposure. The total number of normal cells and cells showing morphological features of apoptosis were counted. The frequency of apoptotic cells was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cells in EGL. The extent of changes following 200 cGy(1090 cGy/min) was studied at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours after exposure. The maximal frequency was found 6~8 hours after exposure. The immature mice that received 18, 36, 54, 108, 198, 396, cGY of y-rays or diagnostic ultrasound(7.5MHz, 4.2mW, Ispta=7.9mW/cm2, Ispta=114.3W/cm2) for 10 or 30 minutes were examined 6 hours after irradiation. Measurements performed after y-ray irradiation showed a dose-related increase in apoptotic cells in each of the mice studied. The dose-response curves were analyzed by a linear-quadratic model;frequency of apoptotic cell in the EGL was y=(0.1349+_0.01175)D+(-0.0001522+_0.0000334)D2+0.048(r2=0.981, D-dose in cGy). In the experiment of ultrasound exposure, the frequency of apoptotic cell was 0.106+_0.130(10 minutes exposure) and 0.167+_0.220(30 minutes exposure). We estimated the relative dose of the yield from the experiment with ultrasound by substituting the yield from ultrasound exposure into the curve from the y-irradiation. The relative dose of ultrasound exposure compared with y-irradiation were 0.432 cGY(10 minutes exposure) and 0.885 cGY(30 minutes exposure). We have found that there is no evidence to indicate that diagnostic ultrasound involves a significant risk.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there were analyzed the peculiar features of morphology of bursa of Fabricius of turkeys broad-breasted white turkeys at the stage of postnatal ontogenesis. Research results showed that postnatal ontogenesis of bursa of Fabricius of turkeys developed irregularly with preservation of organ up to 220 days. At turkeys in 300-day old age the organ preserved only in 45% of bird units. Form, colour and consistency of bursa of Fabricius depended on bird age. The absolute weight of the organ increased up to 220 days. The relative weight was maximum at 20-day old age. The sexual peculiar features of the organ morphology were insignificant; they revealed after the beginning of sexual maturity and expressed by some difference in weight and linear dimensions.