Domestic poultry is a natural reservoir of Campylobacter, the host–pathogen interaction being predominantly asymptomatic. This study investigated whether chickens remain asymptomatic partly because of lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

Aeromonas hydrophila and Campylobacter jejuni are bacteria of emerging importance in public health. However, little has been published about fish contaminated by these pathogens. The present study aimed to verify the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila and Campylobacter jejuni in fresh tuna samples (Thunnus spp.) caught off the coast of Santa Catarina State and distributed in the wholesale market of São Paulo/SP. A total of 85 tuna fillet samples were collected and examined by PCR and bacteriological analyses. Aeromonas spp. was detected in 11/85 (13%) samples, with 10/11 (90.9 %) being confirmed as Aeromonas hydrophila by PCR. Campylobacter spp. was found in 10/85 (11.7%) samples, 10/10 (100%) identified as Campylobacter jejuni by PCR and conventional biochemical analyses. Both pathogens were found in 2/85 (2.3%) samples. This is the first report on the contamination of fresh tuna by Campylobacter jejuni and Aeromonas hydrophila in Brazil. In addition to show that tuna can be a vehicle for transmission of pathogens when consumed raw, it emphasizes the importance of further studies to support the control these pathogens in fish.

Consumption of poultry contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni is the main source of sporadic campylobacteriosis in humans, while fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry. The aim of this study was to detect the incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance and analyze phylogenetics by sequencing gyrase subunit A from broiler Campylobacter jejuni isolates. The contents of 200 chicken intestines were taken from chicken farms in 4 sub-districts (Sukorejo, Pandaan, Kejayan, and Grati) in Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia. The Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Test method is used to detect fluoroquinolone resistance phenotypically. Polymerase chain reaction is used to detect fluoroquinolone resistance genotypically through detection of the gyrA gene. A phylogenetic tree based on gyrA genes was created using MEGA12. The results showed that 31 Campylobacter jejuni isolates had high resistance to nalidixid acid (100%), enrofloxacin (96.7%), and ciprofloxacin (93.6%). All Campylobacter jejuni isolates (100%) were fluoroquinolone resistant phenotypically and had the gyrA gene genotypically. Phylogenic analysis showed that the Campylobacter jejuni gyrA gene sequence isolated from broilers from different sub-districts were highly related. Sequence results from broilers with gyrA gene sequences from humans appear to be in the same cluster, indicating that zoonotic transmission can occur. The discovery of a high percentage of fluoroquinolone resistance genes, where fluoroquinolone is the first line drug for the treatment of diarrhea in humans, should certainly be an important issue related to human health.

The current study was carried to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicks in Dakhalia province. Besides, the effects of carvacol and thymol essential oils (EO), as a continuous drinking water treatment for protection against Campylobacter jejuni challenge in commercial broiler chickens were assessed. Four hundred and fifty samples were collected from 50 healthy bird, 100 freshly dead birds and 100 diseased birds. Out of 450 examined samples, 22.44 % (101̸450) were positive for Campylobacter jejuni. These isolates were sensitive for neomycin, amoxicillin and ceftriaxone. Random assignment of 180 one-day old chicks into 6 groups (30 birds/group in 3 replicates) arranged as follows: G1 as non-challenged group, G2 was challenged with C. jejuni while G3, and G4 were challenged with C. jejuni and continuously supplemented with carvacol and thymol, respectively, in drinking water from day 7. G5 was challenged with C. jejuni and had the two essential oils continuously in drinking water from day 7. G6 was challenged with Campylobacter jejuni and treated with neomycin (15 mg/kg B.W). Our results showed that the combination of essential oils was more effective in mitigating the devastating effects of Campylobacter jejuni challenge in broilers than using one EO alone. Growth performance represented by body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly (p<0.05) improved. Campylobacter jejuni shedding was reduced in the challenged treated groups. Also, the biochemical profile was improved. In addition, the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly down regulated in the challenged-treated group. In conclusion, it is highly recommended to use carvacol and thymol EO either alone or in a combination to improve the body performance and to protect broilers against Campylobacter jejuni.