The present study was conducted in order to get the normal blood chemical values of Korean Jindo dogs. Blood samples were taken from 160 (male 34, female 126) healthy Jindo dogs in Jindo area. The mean values of serum total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb) content, cholesterol (Chole), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) concentration in the group of less than one year old were 6.64 (male 6.62, female 6.64), 3.63 (male 3.57, female 3.65) and 3.00 (male 3.05, female 2.99) g/100ml, 170.97 (male 166.46, female 172.68) mg/100ml, 1.45 (male 1.43, female 1.46), 5.76 (male 5.62, female 5.81), 4.80 (male 4.95, female 4.75), 4.84 (male 4.72, female 4.89), 148.93 (male 148.79, female 148.98) and 110.22 (male 110.42, female 110.14) mEq/L, respectively, whereas the TP, Alb and Glb content, Chole Mg, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl concentration in the group of one year old and more were 6.88 (male 6.84, female 6.89), 3.65 (male 3.63, female 3.66) and 3.23 (male 3.21, female 3.23) g/100ml, 167.48 (male 173.80, female 166.48) mg/100ml, 1.40 (male 1.36, female 1.40), 5.69 (male 5.53, female 5.71), 4.62 (male 4.73, female 4.60), 4.88 (male 4.90, female 4.87), 149.86 (male 149.60, female 149.90)and 110.03 (male 110.70, female 109.92) mEq/L, respectively. The ratios of mean serum albumin to globulin (A/G), calcium to inorganic phosphate (Ca/P) and sodium to potassium (Na/K) in the group of less than one year old were 1.21 (male 1.17, female 1.22), 1.20 (male 1.14, female 1.22) and 30.77 (male 31.52, female 30.47), respectively, whereas the A/G, Ca/P and Na/K in the group of one year old and more were 1.13 (male 1.13, female 1.13), 1.23 (male 1.17, female 1.24) and 30.71 (male 30.53, female 30.78), respectively. The mean values of Alb content, Mg, Ca and K concentration, A/G and Ca/P ratio appeared to be higher in the female than in the male, whereas the reverse was the case with P concentration. No differences were found between male and female in the TP and Glb content, Chole, Na and Cl concentration and Na/K ratio.

Introduction: Ostrich characteristics include fast running, of which the probable enablers have been studied. Yet little research has taken place on one anatomical feature. It is mainly the special integuments on the ostrich foot which facilitate fast running on sand, because as point of direct sand contact they bear the whole weight and provide all the forward force. This study elucidates aspects of the integuments.Material and Methods: A stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and confocal scanning laser microscope were used to observe these integuments. Their surface structure was shown accurately in photographs. An SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to check element contents of the upper and bottom areas and those on the lateral area of the 3ʳᵈ toe.Results: The content of some chemical elements on the upper area (Mg 2.04%, Si 0.18%, P 1.97%, Ca 0.59%, and S 0.69%) was higher than that of the bottom area (Mg 0.14%, Si 0.09%, P 0.10%, Ca 0.28%, and S 0.90%). Zinc was the particular element on the upper area, while sodium, chlorine, and potassium were the specific elements on the bottom area. The parts which must withstand different frictions contained different chemical compounds.Conclusion: The microscopic plane with layer-like structure and stripes may contribute to the wear-resistance of the papillae. The polygonal and prism structures are helpful to fix papillae in a firmer way.

Four consecutive 6-hour urine sample collections were performed on 7 healthy adult Holstein cows fed a diet of coastal Bermuda hay with ad libitum water consumption. Urine (via indwelling urinary catheter) and venous blood samples were collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Total 24-hour urine production for the 7 cows ranged from 4,515 to 7,130 ml/d (mean +/- SD, 5,633 +/- 946 ml/d) or 0.02 to 0.04 ml/kg of body weight/d (mean +/- SD, 0.03 +/- 0.007 ml/kg/d). Renal clearance (C) of creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals, but did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour collection periods. Clearance of chloride (Cl) and phosphorous (P) did not vary significantly either among individuals or among the four 6-hour periods. Clearance of potassium (K) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals and among the four 6-hour periods. Creatinine clearance was significantly (P less than 0.01) correlated with CCl, CCa, CP, and CMg when all data were considered. Significant (P less than 0.05) correlations were also found between CCl, and CK, CCa, CP, and CMg; between CCa and CP and CMg; and between CP and CMg. Fractional excretion (FE) of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour periods. Fractional excretion of Na, Ca, and Mg (P less than 0.01) and K and P (P less than 0.05) varied significantly within individuals among the 6-hour periods. Mean FE values, calculated by averaging values for each of the 4 collection periods for all 7 cows, ranged from 0.05 to 0.78% for FENa; 129.33 to 670.40% for FEK; 1.23 to 6.23% for FECl; 0.17 to 4.44% for FECa; 0.36 to 1.14 for FEP; and 4.96 to 11.73% for FEMg. Linear relationships between the clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes were observed on base-10 logarithmically transformed data for Na, Ca, P, and Mg. Linear relationship was not found between CK and FEK or between CCl and FECl.

Renal electrolyte and net acid excretion were characterized during generation and maintenance of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in a ruminant model. Two phases of renal response with regard to sodium and net acid excretion were documented. An initial decrease in net acid excretion was attributable to increase in bicarbonate excretion with associated increase in sodium excretion. As the metabolic disturbance became more advanced, a second phase of renal excretion was observed in which sodium and bicarbonate excretion were markedly decreased, leading to increase in net acid excretion and development of aciduria. Throughout the metabolic disturbance, chloride excretion was markedly decreased; potassium excretion also decreased. These changes were accompanied by increase in plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations. There was apparent failure to concentrate the urine optimally during the course of the metabolic disturbance, despite increasing plasma concentration of antidiuretic hormone.

In contrast to the net absorption of Na and Cl ions observed in vivo, porcine small intestine had a net secretion of these ions in vitro. These discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro results have led to difficulties in interpretation of studies investigating mechanisms of intestinal secretion and diarrhea in this species. To examine the influence of endogenous prostanoids on ion transport in neonatal porcine ileum in vitro, tissues were prepared and studied in indomethacin. Net absorption of Na, reversal of net Cl secretion to net absorption, and decreased short circuit current were observed. Conversely, addition of prostaglandins to indomethacin-treated tissues reversed these effects and reestablished conditions similar to those observed in control tissues. Control tissue was essentially refractory to the effects of exogenous prostaglandins. Results indicate that under in vitro conditions, ion transport in neonatal porcine ileum is tightly regulated by endogenous prostanoids that abolish the neutral NaCl absorptive mechanism and elicit electrogenic Cl secretion. However, concentrations of these prostanoids may have been artificially high as a result of tissue preparation for in vitro study.

Administration of higher dosage of chlorine leads to a concern about proper dosage determination for shrimp hatchery operations. Hence, the dosage application needs to be reworked at the present context. Accordingly a Completely randomized design experiment with 6 treatments (control, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm of active chlorine content) with 3 replications was conducted. The water quality and the bacterial load were monitored once in 3 hours continuously. The salient observations of the study was that the exposure time for residual chlorine to be nil for the tank with chlorination of 10 ppm concentration was 6 hours, for 20 ppm and 30 ppm it was 18 hours and for 40 ppm and 50 ppm it was 21 hours. Also the results shows that bacterial load was nil in all the treatments viz. 10 to 50 ppm. The pH of the water gets increased and then stabilized. It could be concluded from the study that the chlorination is required in shrimp hatcheries. But the optimum dosage is 10 ppm for ensuring better water quality in shrimp hatchery which is very much less when compared to the general dose of upto 30 ppm for other purposes. Another experimental trial with three replications was conducted to ascertain the survival of post larvae of P. monodon from PL5 to PL 20 with the 10 ppm active chlorine. The study showed that survival was high in 10 ppm.