Quail meat has gained a reputation as an outstanding source of protein and other essential nutrients, giving it numerous advantages over other poultry species. However, quail production has some limitations. One of them is vulnerability to parasitic infections that produce severe economic losses. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of Anonchotaenia species infecting quails in Elbehera Governorate, Egypt. A total of 239 quails were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The total prevalence of Anonchotaenia infection was 0.83%. The prevalence was 1.11% in the Edko district, but no infection was recorded in Rashid. The prevalence of infection in migrant quails was 2.21%, while no infection was recorded in domesticated quails. The prevalence was higher in males than in females. The 18S rRNA sequence of Egypt's Anonchotaenia species has 99% identity with Anonchotaenia brasiliensis. The phylogenetic tree of the 18S rRNA showed that sequence of Anonchotaenia sp. from Egypt is in the same clade as Anonchotaenia macrocephala from Brazil and Chile. Molecular characterization using 18S rRNA gene sequencing is valuable for parasitic helminth genetic identification in quails. The results presented a novel member of the genus Anonchotaenia in quails from Elbehera governorate, Egypt for the first time.

Poultry meat and their meat products are considered as major sources of animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, poultry meat might act as a vehicle for a vast array of xenobiotics such as heavy metals. The latter are specifically characterized by their bioaccumulation and biomagnification nature. Several toxic metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) have several toxicological implications if ingested. In Egypt, several avian species are consumed as meat sources including chicken, quails, ducks, and turkeys. In this review, we would like to throw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with such toxic metals in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such toxic metals was also discussed.

The database was obtained from 4560 records multiple records were collected from 2000 to 2022 For a total of 2560 records for Sakha station and 2000 records for El-Qardah station of the Ministry Agriculture and land reclamation in Egypt, meteorological data were obtained from the central laboratory of Agricultural climate. The data was divided into two periods, the period from 2000 to 2010 (P1) and the period from 2011 to 2022 (P2). Thermal Humidity Index (THI) and season effect on productive traits (LTMY, TMY, LP and DP) were between significant (P<0.05) and high significant (P<0.01) For both groups, except the effect of THI on the DMY in (P2) and season effect on DMY in (P1), which were non-significant. Climate change in the period from (2011 to 2022) witnessed a rise in temperature (AT) and was followed by an increase in relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure (AP), as well as an increase in the value of THI especially the summer season, which is hotter than the rest of the seasons this had a negative effect on the productive traits. Estimates of permanent environmental variance for the second period for most traits were lower than additive genetic variance it may indicate that sensitivity to heat stress is not specific to the cow but is hereditary. Heritability estimates are low to moderate for most milk production traits show the possibility of improving genetically by selecting the most valuable cows for Heritability or genetic selection of cows and improving herd management.

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that triggers significant economic losses in animals. The study’s goal was to reveal the infection with hydatid cysts in animals slaughtered in Elbehera Governorate, Egypt, as well as perform histopathology and molecular characterization of camel cysts using the cox-1 and G1Y162 genes. Elbehera governorate had a total prevalence of 0.35%. Kom-Hamada abattoir had the highest prevalence of 1.7%. Camels had the highest prevalence of 2.17% among the examined animals. Summer had the highest prevalence, at 0.55%. Females had a higher prevalence than males, except for camels. The older animals were infected at a higher rate than the younger ones, except for the buffalo. Location and season had a significant impact on the prevalence, while sex only impacted the prevalence in cattle and buffaloes. The lung had a higher infection than the liver. The cox-1 and G1Y162 genes PCR reactions provided specific DNA bands, and the sequences were for Echinococcus canadensis. The phylogenetic tree of cox-1 indicated that the Egyptian sequence of Elbehera governorate belongs to genotype 6 (G6) of the Echinococcus complex. The sequence shared an identity percentage of up to 99% with previous Egyptian sequences and other E. canadensis in camels from Iran, Mauritania, Algeria, and Sudan. The phylogenetic tree of the G1Y162 protein sequences confirmed that the Egyptian sequence is E. canadensis. Due to the presence of cysts of zoonotic Echinococcus species in slaughtered animals, stringent health regulations are required to prevent infection in animals and humans.

Tumors have been rarely documented in the Arabian dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Importantly, the current study investigated multiple primary tumors in the liver of Dromedary camels, slaughtered at different abattoirs in Egypt during the period from January 2019 to February 2022. The study focused on the existence of two or more separate primary neoplasms, or a single one involving multiple sites in the same liver. The study conducted a comprehensive and accurate gross and histopathological description of the neoplastic cases. The use of special stains and diverse types of immunohistochemical-specific antibodies contributed significantly to the confirmed diagnosis of neoplastic cells. Interestingly, our results diagnosed unusual multiple primary hepatic tumors (prevalence 7/988, 0.7%), including one case each of cholangiocarcinoma-leiomyosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma-cholangiocarcinoma-leiomyoma, myelolipoma-osseous metaplasia, lymphosarcoma and three cases of leiomyomas. Detecting multiple primary hepatic tumors for the first time in the veterinary research area is a major challenge in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of tumors. Additionally, liver cirrhosis, amyloidosis, parasitic infection, and mycotic granuloma may be predisposing factors associated with increased overgrowth of primary mesenchymal hepatic tumors in camels.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most prevalent neoplastic disease of cattle worldwide. Few studies have been conducted on BLV detection in Egypt, and it is unknown whether BLV is prevalent in some areas. BLV seroprevalence has never been identified in Beheira province. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV among cattle in Beheira. A total of 368 cattle plasma samples (219 dairy and 149 beef) from 6 dairy farms, 1 beef farm, and 9 slaughterhouses in eight districts covering most geographical areas of Beheira were investigated using a commercial ELISA for the detection of anti-gp51 antibodies. Data were analyzed, and the risk factors associated with BLV infection were evaluated. Out of the whole samples, 44 (11.9%) tested positive for BLV, and the seroprevalence rates in dairy and beef cattle were 31/219 (14.2%) and 13/149 (8.7%), respectively. Cattle breed had a significant risk factor on BLV seroprevalence, as in Holstein cattle, it was 21.65% (OR= 3.1, p <0.004) higher than mixed local breed (8.20%) in dairy cattle. However, Colombian cattle showed the highest seroprevalence (19.15%) among tested beef cattle breeds.  Additionally, neither age nor farming system had a potential risk on BLV seroprevalence in the tested dairy or beef cattle (p > 0.1). It is concluded that BLV infection is widespread among cattle in Beheira province's various localities, with a potential risk for cattle of foreign breeds to contract the BLV infection.

Chicken meat and meat products are considered as significant sources of high quality animal derived protein, essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Besides, chicken meat is regarded as alternative cheap source of protein compared with the red meat. However, chicken meat can be contaminated with a vast array of microorganisms, and subsequently it can be implicated in many biological hazards such as bacterial food poisoning.  The latter can be divided into bacterial foodborne infections including E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Shiegella spp., and Yersinia spp. Bacterial foodborne intoxication including Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium botulinum. The third class of the bacterial food poisoning is foodborne toxicoinfection which involves Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. This review threw the light on the current scenario of the contamination of the poultry meat with some bacterial hazards in Egypt and worldwide. Besides, the public health significance of such hazards was also discussed.

A significant source of high quality animal protein, vitamins, and minerals are meat products. However, during the course of production or during the life of the animals used to produce the meat for these businesses, heavy metals may be present in meat products. The amount of dangerous metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and trace elements like copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) that remain in such items is obviously unknown. In order to determine the residual Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in three meat products, pasterma, luncheon and sausage, this study was carried out. Additionally, for Egyptian consumers, estimated daily intakes (EDI) and potential health concerns associated with consuming such meat products were calculated. The obtained results showed that the evaluated products were contaminated with the tested metals at varying rates. The highest Cd, Cu, and Zn contents and contamination levels were generally seen in pasterma. While Pb contamination rates at luncheons were highest. The maximum allowable limits for heavy metal residues were not exceeded in any samples. The calculated estimated daily intakes, hazard ratio, and hazard index did not identify any potential concerns related to Egyptian consumers' consumption of such meat products.

Fish is considered as important source of animal derived protein, omega-3-fatthy acids, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iodine, and vitamins. Among the fish species, tilapia nilotica is the most famous fish in Egypt due to its ease culturing, short production cycle, cheap price, and therefore play fundamental roles in food security, particularly in the human supply of the anumal-derived protein. Fish during its production till delivery to the consumer's table might be exposed to a vast array of microbial contaminants either originated from its surrounding eniveronment or via cross contamination from the angler's hands, during transportation, and storage. Therefore, tilapia might act as a potential source of spreading of foodborne pathogens to the consumers. However, few reports had investigated the microbal quality of tilapia, particularly in Egypt. Therefore, this review was undertaken to report literatures studying the prevalence of some foodborne pathogens in tilapia fish in Egypt, the factors that affect the microbial quality of the fish, and some recommendations in order to extend the shelflife and improve the microbial quality of Tilapia nilotica. This reviw concluded that tilapia is eligible for contamination with a vast array of microorganisms such as enterobacteriacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Shewanella putrefaciens, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Flavobacterium spp. Therefore, it is highly recommended to have efficient cooking of fish either via boiling, grilling, panfrying, dipping in liquid smokes, irradiation, ozonization, and addition of smone natural addirives such as lemon juice.

Meat products are regarded as major sources of essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, during all stages of the processing of meat products, including the slaughter of the animal, dressing, evisceration, and subsequent transportation and distribution, may expose the product to a wide range of bacteria. The microbial community of the finished goods may be influenced by handling and raw materials used in the production of the meat products. The microbiological condition of meat products may be affected by a number of factors, including worker hands, clothing, knives, cutting boards, slaughterhouse and meat processing plant environments, including walls, floors, washing water, etc. Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is considered as one important foodborne pathogen that is responsible for many cases of food poisoning among consumers worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the current scenario of the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in retailed meat products in Egypt and worldwide. The cited literatures in the current review demonstrated that effective sanitary practices should be used throughout all phases of handling meat to produce meat products with a high level of storage quality and free from L. monocytogenes.