African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious arthropod-borne infectious disease of Equidae. Because of its severity and quick spread, It is cosidered as a notifiable disease. The current study intended to look into the current suitation of the vector-borne African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in Egypt, determine viral seroprevelance, and assess the associated risk factors. In this context, 2739 sera and 150 spleen samples were collected from different Egyptian governorates and tested for AHSV screening. The sera were investigated for presence of antibodies against AHSV whilst spleen samples were tested for AHSV Ag and RNA detection. The obtained results revealed that all 2739 sera samples tested negative for AHSV antibodies. Furthermore, using ELISA and conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to identify AHSV Ag and nucleic acid, the 150 tested spleen samples gave negative results with both assays. In conclusion, the recorded results indicated the absence of antibodies, antigen, and viral nucleic acid of AHSV in all tested samples which proved that there is no circulating virus in the investigated Egyptian governorates in the period from 2017 to 2022. Evenually, the effective control programs are recommended by carrying out further epidemiological investigations to understand the current situation of arboviruses in the country.

Tissue protozoa play a significant role as a cause of economic losses in reproductive and productive aspects in camels beside the zoonotic importance.  A Cross-sectional study was designed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels in Matrouh and Aswan border governorates of Egypt. One hundred and eighty-two serum samples from apparently healthy dromedary camels and tested serologically for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of possible related risk factors was investigated from December 2020 to November 2021. The serological testing of 182 camel serum samples revealed a prevalence (15.93%, 29/182) for Neospora caninum, (58.24%, 106/182) for Toxoplasma gondii and (9.34%, 17/182) for both infections together. The total seroprevalence rate was (64.84%, 118/182). Camels in Matrouh governorate were at high risk (p < 0.05) of infection with tissue protozoa 3.74 times more than camels in Aswan governorate. Maghrabi camels were found more significant (p < 0.05) prevalent for T.  gondii infection (62/78, 79.49%) by 5.28 times than Sudani camels, Otherwise, in Sudi camels, N. caninum is almost 2.70 times Maghrabi camels. The results showed that age and sex were mostly significant for N. caninum and T. gondii. This study found that, camels are a possible source of infection for the studied tissue protozoa, some of which are significant for public health. More research are needed to describe their true situation and epidemiology in dromedary camels.

Tissue protozoa play a significant role as a cause of economic losses in reproductive and productive aspects in camels beside the zoonotic importance.  A Cross-sectional study was designed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dromedary camels in Matrouh and Aswan border governorates of Egypt. One hundred and eighty-two serum samples from apparently healthy dromedary camels and tested serologically for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of possible related risk factors was investigated from December 2020 to November 2021. The serological testing of 182 camel serum samples revealed a prevalence (15.93%, 29/182) for Neospora caninum, (58.24%, 106/182) for Toxoplasma gondii and (9.34%, 17/182) for both infections together. The total seroprevalence rate was (64.84%, 118/182). Camels in Matrouh governorate were at high risk (p < 0.05) of infection with tissue protozoa 3.74 times more than camels in Aswan governorate. Maghrabi camels were found more significant (p < 0.05) prevalent for T.  gondii infection (62/78, 79.49%) by 5.28 times than Sudani camels, Otherwise, in Sudi camels, N. caninum is almost 2.70 times Maghrabi camels. The results showed that age and sex were mostly significant for N. caninum and T. gondii. This study found that, camels are a possible source of infection for the studied tissue protozoa, some of which are significant for public health. More research are needed to describe their true situation and epidemiology in dromedary camels.

Wild animals, sharing pathogens with domestic animals, play a crucial role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Sampling from wild animals poses significant challenges, yet it is vital for inclusion in disease surveillance and monitoring programmes. Often, mass surveillance involves serological screenings using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, typically validated only for domestic animals. This study assessed the diagnostic specificity of commercially available ELISA tests on 342 wild ruminant serum samples and 100 from wild boars. We evaluated three tests for foot-and-mouth disease: two for Peste des petits ruminants, two for Rift Valley fever and one for Capripox virus. Diagnostic specificity was calculated using the formula True Negative/(False Positive + True Negative). Cohen’s kappa coefficient measured agreement between tests. Results showed high specificity and agreement across all tests. Specificity for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) ranged from 93.89% for Prionics to 100% for IDEXX, with IDvet showing 99.6%. The highest agreement was between FMD IDvet and IDEXX at 97.1%. Rift Valley fever (RVF) tests, Ingezim and IDvet, achieved specificities of 100% and 98.83%, respectively. The optimal specificity was attained by retesting single reactors and inactivating the complement. Contribution: Commercially available ELISA kits are specific for foot-and-mouth disease and similar transboundary animal diseases and can be used for highly specific wild animal testing.

Objective: This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs for slaughter in Leyte, Philippines. It underpins the concept that recovered and infected pigs from ASF are likely sent for slaughter to avoid perceived economic losses. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2023 in eight abattoirs, each representing both a city and a municipality in Leyte province. A total of 218 blood samples from 78 farms were examined for ASF virus (ASFV) (VP72) antibodies using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Descriptive and seroprevalence analyses were performed. Results: ASF antibodies were detected in pigs for slaughter from abattoirs in Baybay and Ormoc cities, showing a seroprevalence of 3.57% (1/28 pigs) and 2.27% (1/44 pigs), respectively. An apparent absence of ASF antibodies was observed among pigs for slaughter in Isabel, Villaba, Abuyog, Kananga, Dulag, and Macarthur. The farm-level seroprevalence was 2.56% (95% CI: 0.71%–8.88%), while the pig-level seroprevalence was 0.91% (95% CI: 0.25%–3.27%). Conclusion: Detecting ASF antibodies among pigs for slaughter implies exposure to the virus from the farm of origin. This means that, on some farms, ASF remains unreported or undiagnosed. Active surveillance is needed for early case detection and rapid response to control the spread of ASF in the country. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 65-70]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Q fever and its association with age and gender among Saanen dairy goats in Malaysia. Material and Methods: One hundred dairy goats (n = 100) aged 6 months to 6 years were ran¬domly selected, and blood samples were collected for serological analysis using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results: The results revealed a seropositive rate of 70% among the goats, with medium-positive titers being the most common. The prevalence of Q fever varied among different age groups, with higher rates observed in adult goats aged between 5 and 6 years. Gender analysis showed that males had a higher positive rate (p &lt; 0.05) of Q fever compared to females. Conclusion: These findings strongly indicate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the dairy goat population and highlight the importance of implementing biosecurity measures and control strategies to prevent further transmission of this disease. This research has contributed to a better understanding of Q fever epidemiology and provides insights for effective control and prevention strategies in dairy goat populations. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 231-236]

Objective: The goal of this research was to evaluate where selenium nanoparticles impact the activity of antibodies in immunized lambs with foot and mouth vaccines by modulating the immune system. Materials and Methods: Two groups of lambs of 3–4 months of age were injected with 1 ml of ARRIAH-VAC vaccine intramuscularly in the neck, five Lambs were given selenium nanoparticles (size 100 nm) oral administration of selenium nano dose of 0.1 mg/kg of body mass once every day for sixty days considered as group one (G1) while the other five used as control Group 2 (G2). Results: This resulted in the establishment of an immune response, as evidenced by a rise in antibody titer in the blood using the ELISA test for three serotypes A, O, and Asia 1, when sele¬nium nanoparticles were given orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight after immunization, we noticed a significant (p &gt;0:05) selenium nano group increase in IgG response in all immunized groups in contrast to lambs that had only received the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine Conclusion: We have demonstrated that selenium nanoparticles administered orally significantly enhance immune responses while also increasing body weight. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 367-375]