Maggots of some blowflies (Diptera: calliphoridae) are typically used in a wide range of medical and forensic applications. One of these flies is Chrysomya marginalis. This fly has not received attention in the researches in Egypt. Accordingly, we start to examine the effect of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract on the land snails. Nevertheless, the effect of this extract on the environment is still under research. Thus, the present investigation was performed to determine the median lethal concentration of Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract (96-h LC50) and to evaluate the effectiveness of maggots extract in controlling land snails Theba pisana by measuring levels of biochemical, oxidative and antioxidant parameters and the analysis at the molecular level. The results showed that LC50 of maggots extract for T. pisana for 96 hrs was 235.5 g/l. 1/2, 1/4 and 1/10 LC50 (117.75, 58.875 and 23.55 g/l) values were chosen for sublethal studies for 28 days. The results indicated that aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher, while total protein (TP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) levels were significantly higher in maggots extract-exposed snail compared to the control. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly higher, while catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly higher in maggots extract-exposed snail as opposed to the control group. A significant down-regulation was noticed in gene expression levels of Cu-Zn SOD in the exposed group. On the other hand, exposure to tested extract caused significantly up-regulated gene expression levels of HSP 70 compared with the control group. In conclusion, Chrysomya marginalis maggots extract caused alteration in biochemical, and antioxidant activities and gene expressed changes.

The experimental protocol aimed to assess the influence of nucleotides and/or β-glucan on the production performance, growth-related gene expression in the broiler chickens’ liver tissue, intestinal histomorphology, and some biochemical parameters. One hundred forty-four newly hatched chicks were categorized into four groups based on the supplements: a control group, a group supplemented with nucleotides (200 mg/kg diet), a group with β-glucan (1 g/kg diet), and a group with both nucleotides and β-glucan. The study's findings showed that, when compared to the control group, all dietary supplemented groups showed a substantial (P < 0.05) improvement in production parameters without having a negative impact on the general health of broilers. Additionally, the treatments positively impacted the expression of some genes associated with growth performance in the broiler chickens’ liver tissue, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR). The supplemented groups also demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in intestinal histomorphology, characterized by increased villi length, crypt depth, and goblet cell number. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of nucleotides and/or β-glucan led to a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in total protein and albumin levels, with no significant effect on globulin, AST, and ALT. The conclusion can be drawn that adding nucleotides along with β-glucan to the diet led to enhancements in growth performance, the expression of genes related to growth (GHR and IGF-1), intestinal histomorphology, and certain biochemical parameters (specifically total protein and albumin).

This research endeavour examined several nutritional approaches aimed at optimising the energy content of the broiler diets using mixtures with distinct mechanisms of action in low metabolisable energy diet (LME). Within this context, the impact of various xylanase (Xyl), emulsifier (EM), and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) mixtures supplemented to LME diets were investigated on the following parameters: growth performance, energy and protein efficiency ratios, oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Seven hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male-broilers were assigned to five experimental treatments (28 birds/replicate). The positive control group (PC) fed as breed-recommendations. A dietary change was made to the PC, where the dietary energy content was reduced by 200 kcal/kg feed, served as negative control group (NC). The other experimental diets were as in NC group, fortified with either Xyl+EM, Xyl+GAA or Xyl+EM+GAA. The results demonstrated a negative impact on the NC group’s productivity and biometric parameters compared to the PC group (p < 0.05). Combinations of Xyl+GAA or Xyl+EM+GAA were as effective as PC in term of growth performance (p > 0.05), but they were more efficient in terms of energy efficiency ratio (p < 0.05). In contrast to the PC group, The Xyl+EM group had lower protein efficiency ratio (p <0.05). The oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and intestinal morphology of the NC groups supplemented with various mixtures were better than those of the PC group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the overall benefits in the Xyl+EM+GAA group were notable. It is possible to compensate for LME (-200 kcal/kg feed) by using Xyl+EM+GAA mixture.

          The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary nucleoforce® supplementation on the antioxidative status and the molecular expression of IGF-1, IL-1ß and IL-6 genes in broiler chickens. 240, one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four equal groups, each of which contained 60 birds and was divided into three replicates with 20 birds for each replicate. Birds in the first group fed basal diet and considered as a control group (C), whereas birds of the second (200N), third (350N), and fourth (500N) groups fed diet supplemented with 200, 350 and 500 g/ton nucleoforce®, respectively from zero day till the end of the experiment. At days 21 and 49 of age, two birds from each replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered, and dissected to collect blood and tissue samples. The concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum were calculated as an indicator for the antioxidant status. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) in liver, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleen was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that the highest nucleoforce® concentration (500g/ton) resulted in time dependent significant increases in both SOD and GPx. This study also indicated that nucleotides supplementation resulted in significant up regulations of growth and immune related gene expression with the best results were obtained with the highest nucleotides concentration. In conclusion, dietary nucleoforce® inclusion can improve the performance of broiler chickens and enhance their antioxidative and immune status.