The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of glutathione supplementation on liquid storage of Surti buffalo bull semen. This study was performed on adult Surti buffalo bull (n = 6), and seminal ejaculates (24) were collected and evaluated for various microscopic seminal quality parameters for further processing. After preliminary evaluation, ejaculates of each collection session were mixed and divided into four equal aliquots. All the aliquots were diluted (1:10) with Tris fructose egg yolk citrate extender contained glutathione served as control (T0), whereas the other three aliquots were supplemented with 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 mM glutathione which were grouped as Treatment-1 (T1), Treatment-2 (T2) and Treatment-3 (T3), respectively. Thereafter, the samples were stored at 4 ºC for 4 h, and various seminal parameters (individual sperm progressive motility, viability, abnormalities, plasma membrane functionality) were evaluated at equilibration. The results indicated that the mean percent values for pre-freeze sperm progressive motility, live sperm percentage and HOS responsive spermatozoa were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) (except individual progressive motility which was non-significantly higher in Treatment-3); whereas sperm abnormalities were significantly lower (P<0.05) in semen samples treated with glutathione (Treatment-1, Treatment-2 and Treatment-3) in comparison to control. The Treatment-2 (2.0 mM glutathione), had the highest pre-freeze sperm progressive motility percentage, live sperm percentage, HOS response sperm percentage and reduced sperm abnormalities percentage compared to other three groups.

OBJECTIVE To characterize aminoaciduria and plasma amino acid concentrations in dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome (HCS). ANIMALS 20 client-owned dogs of various breeds and ages. PROCEDURES HCS was definitively diagnosed on the basis of liver biopsy specimens (n = 12), gross and histologic appearance of skin lesions (4), and examination of skin and liver biopsy specimens (2) and presumptively diagnosed on the basis of cutaneous lesions with compatible clinicopathologic and hepatic ultrasonographic (honeycomb or Swiss cheese pattern) findings (2). Amino acid concentrations in heparinized plasma and urine (samples obtained within 8 hours of each other) were measured by use of ion exchange chromatography. Urine creatinine concentration was used to normalize urine amino acid concentrations. Plasma amino acid values were compared relative to mean reference values; urine-corrected amino acid values were compared relative to maximal reference values. RESULTS All dogs had generalized hypoaminoacidemia, with numerous amino acid concentrations < 50% of mean reference values. The most consistent and severe abnormalities involved glutamine, proline, cysteine, and hydroxyproline, and all dogs had marked lysinuria. Urine amino acids exceeding maximum reference values (value > 1.0) included lysine, 1-methylhistidine, and proline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hypoaminoacidemia in dogs with HCS prominently involved amino acids associated with the urea cycle and synthesis of glutathione and collagen. Marked lysinuria and prolinuria implicated dysfunction of specific amino acid transporters and wasting of amino acids essential for collagen synthesis. These findings may provide a means for tailoring nutritional support and for facilitating HCS diagnosis.

Objective-To determine total glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations in liver tissues from dogs and cats with spontaneous liver disease. Sample Population-Liver biopsy specimens from 63 dogs and 20 cats with liver disease and 12 healthy dogs and 15 healthy cats. Procedure-GSH was measured by use of an enzymatic method; GSSG was measured after 2-vinylpyridine extraction of reduced GSH. Concentrations were expressed by use of wet liver weight and concentration of tissue protein and DNA. Results-Disorders included necroinflammatory liver diseases (24 dogs, 10 cats), extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (8 dogs, 3 cats), vacuolar hepatopathy (16 dogs), hepatic lipidosis (4 cats), portosystemic vascular anomalies (15 dogs), and hepatic lymphosarcoma (3 cats). Significantly higher liver GSH and protein concentrations and a lower tissue DNA concentration and ratio of reduced GSH-to-GSSG were found in healthy cats, compared with healthy dogs. Of 63 dogs and 20 cats with liver disease, 22 and 14 had low liver concentrations of GSH (µmol) per gram of tissue; 10 and 10 had low liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per milligram of tissue protein; and 26 and 18 had low liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per microgram of tissue DNA, respectively. Low liver tissue concentrations of GSH were found in cats with necroinflammatory liver disease and hepatic lipidosis. Low liver concentrations of GSH per microgram of tissue DNA were found in dogs with necroinflammatory liver disease and cats with necroinflammatory liver disease, extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and hepatic lipidosis. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Low GSH values are common in necroinflammatory liver disorders, extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and feline hepatic lipidosis. Cats may have higher risk than dogs for low liver GSH concentrations.

Hypophosphatemia was induced in 2 cows by reducing phosphorus content in their feed after parturition. Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) values decreased to 1 mg/dl within 10 days after parturition; and RBC adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione values decreased to 50 and 70% of baseline values, respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was moderately higher than normal. These changes preceded the onset of hemolysis, and anemia progressed with decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts. Serum Pi resumed its normal value when anemia was most severe. This RBC disorder was confirmed to be characteristic of hemolytic anemia in cows resulting from hypophosphatemia. The RBC glycolytic intermediates, totaal trisoe phosphate (combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate content) and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, greatly increased in vivo and in vitro with decreases in serum or plasma Pi and RBC ATP. From our results, we concluded that inadequate Pi in the plasma impairs the function and viability of RBC by hindering the production of ATP via disturbance of reactions at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step.

In industrial food production, food preservatives like sodium nitrite are used more frequently. The use of some food preservatives has been linked to teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. In order to investigate the effects of food additives such as sorbitol and natural antioxidant substances on rats forty adult male albino rats, approximately one month and a half were divided into four groups as follows, Group 1 serves as control group supplement with (Nacl 0.9% normal saline).Group 2 received a sodium nitrite supplement (30 mg/kg BW), group 3 supplemented initially with sodium nitrite and glutathione and group 4 supplemented with glutathione (6.42 mg/kg BW). A variety of parameters were measured, including the number of red and white blood cells (RBCs &amp; WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Hct) value, glucose level, and serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (ALT &amp; AST) activity analysis.&nbsp; The results clearly showed that (RBCs), (Hb) concentration, and (Hct) value of rats treated with sodium nitrite for two months exhibit significant decrease when compared to the control and treated groups, rats given with either glutathione alone or glutathione plus sodium nitrite showed significant decrease in their serum glucose levels and there was discernible elevation in the serum activity of AST and ALT in rats treated with glutathione alone. Rats treated with sodium nitrite showed a substantial decrease (P&lt; 0.05) in AST activity after 2months when compared with the control group, whereas significant increase (P&lt; 0.05) in ALT activity were detected after 2months&nbsp; . These results indicate the harmful effects of using artificial supplements and colorings and also prove the improving effect of glutathione. Due to the potentially harmful effects of food additives, it is advised that the use of S. N. as an additive be kept to a minimum. Gluathione, on the other hand, can prevent toxic effects.

Cisplatin is one of the most potent and commonly used anticancer compounds to treat various tumors, but it causes many unwanted side effects that restrict its use. Hepatotoxicity is one of the common adverse effects that occur even when small amounts of cisplatin are used for short times. This study tested the ameliorative effect of fampridine, a compound used to treat multiple sclerosis, against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Forty rats were divided into four groups; Group 1 served as the negative control and did not receive any treatment; Group 2 was a positive control and administered a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (5 mg/kg); Group 3 was given oral fampridine at 4 mg/kg for three consecutive days, starting from the day cisplatin was injected; Group 4 was given fampridine (4 mg/kg for three days) and cisplatin (5 mg/kg, single dose). After the experiments, animal weights, liver weights, serum creatinine, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver tissues were measured after three and five days of treatment. Cisplatin caused hepatotoxicity manifested by decreased body weight, liver weight, and liver-to-body weight ratios. It also elevated creatinine concentrations in the serum and MDA and GSSG in the liver tissue, while GSH concentration decreased. Fampridine treatment ameliorated these toxic impacts from cisplatin. Hence, people taking cisplatin as an anticancer therapy and fampridine as a treatment for multiple sclerosis may benefit from the latter's protective effect against cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of androgenic&ndash;anabolic steroids Sustanon 20 mg/ kg on oxidative stress. Twenty male rats weredivided into four groups treated for 4 weeks as once weekly treatment. The 1st groupconsidered as control group, the 2nd group injected with sustanon 20 mg/kgintramuscularly, the 3rd group injected with sustanon intramuscularly 20 mg/kg andthen orally dosage of vitamin E 100 mg\kg, and 4th group got orally dosage of vitaminE 100 mg/kg. The results revealed significant decrease in glutathione level in theserum and tissue of brain and liver in sustanon group as compared with control, whilethere is significant increase in malondialdehyde level in the serum of sustanon groupas compared with control The result showed no different between the groups treatedwith sustanon alone and with sustanon and vitamin E.All the pathological changes have been recorded for the sustanon group onlywhile there were no pathological changes for other groups. The gross pathologicalchanges showed congestion of heart and liver in sustanon group.. The microscopicchanges of heart showed vacuolar degeneration of cardiac cells and edema between it.Liver showed necrosis of hepatic cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells. Lungsrevealed pneumonia with thickening of wall of alveoli and bronchioles byinflammatory cells, and emphysema of alveoli. We conclude from this study that sustanon in high dose have an effect onincrease oxidative stress, macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes in heart,liver and lung, and no effect of vitamin E in this study