Brown seaweeds contain exclusive and enriched source of health promoting bioactive metabolites especially dietary fibre, antioxidants, essential amino acids, short chain fatty acids and minerals that helps in regulating and improving the gut microbiota and gut health. Threonine was found to be the predominant essential amino acids in S. tenerrimum (2.14±0.67 g/100g). The presence of n-3 long chain PUFA and the low ratio of n6:n3 fatty acid in S. tenerrimum (0.28) suggests it to serve as an ideal ingredient in preparation of low fat meat products. The Na/K ratio being 0.25 in S. tenerrimum could be of interest from a nutritional point of view as a balanced Na/K ratio is important to control hypertension. The mineral profile of S. tenerrimum suggests its suitability in preparation of low salt meat foods. The results of chemical profile of S. tenerrimum identifies it to act as an ideal functional source of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and anti-oxidants in meat products which will help to alleviate the ill effects of nutritional deficiencies.

The objective of the present study was to assess changes in biochemical and mineral parameters during prepartum and postpartum period in Murrah buffaloes. Eight healthy pregnant Murrah buffaloes of four to six years of age were randomly selected for the study. Same animals were used as self control and divided in to two groups, G I: pre-partum (n=8) and G II: post-partum (n=8). Whole blood was collected one week before and one week after calving by venipuncture. Plasma was separated and used for estimation of biochemical and mineral parameters. Significant differences between groups were analyzed using paired t-test. The total protein, albumin, globulins, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorous levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower during post-partum compared to pre-partum period. No significant difference (P>0.05) between pre-partum and post-partum was noticed with respect to BUN and creatinine concentration. Significantly lower levels of protein profile, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus is indicative of negative energy balance and susceptibility of dam to metabolic diseases. Thus, ameliorative nutritional strategies might be adapted to optimize animal health and production.

In order to increase egg and chicken meat production, poultry growth is critical. The purpose of this study is to see how well broiler chickens perform when provided different additives in their meals (trace minerals and vitamins). Nutraceuticals, in addition to providing nutritional requirements for birds, offer advantageous pharmacological effects, such as assisting in the establishment of normal state of physiological health, preventing various diseases, and thus improving production performance. The vitamins, polypeptides and amino acids, minerals, enzymes, and other nutraceuticals are examples. Vitamins are dietary substances that are required for vital cell functions such as cell development, growth, and metabolism process. Mineral nutrition is critical in broiler chicken production, with an emphasis on manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu). Due to the availability of organic trace elements and today''s fast-growing birds, broiler chickens'' Mn, Zn, Se, and Cu requirements must be revised.

This study; It was aimed to compare serum and rumen content, trace element and serum vitamin levels and rumen content in indigestion cattle with healthy animals. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 30 cattle, 10 healthy (control group) and 20 indigestion group. Indigestion diagnosis in animals was determined by anamnesis information, clinical and rumen content examination.Hematologically, there was no statistical difference between indigestion and control groups. Serum magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) levels of the measured trace elements decreased in the group with indigestion (p<0.05), while the levels of cobalt (Co) increased significantly (p<0.01). While there was a significant increase (p<0.5) in cattle with indigestion in rumen content Ca values compared to healthy cattle, serum levels were decreased (p<0.05). A positive correlation (p<0.01) was determined between rumen content levels of indigestion cattle and serum Mg levels of control group and rumen content of control group. In addition, a negative correlation was found between serum Ca and rumen content values of cattle with indigestion. In serum vitamin levels, Vitamin B1 (Vit B1) decreased statistically (p<0.05), while Vitamin B12 (Vit B12) was found to increase non-statistically (p>0.05).As a result, it was concluded that the decrease in serum Mg, Ca and Zn values in indigestion animals is important and these trace elements should be used in treatment.

This study was conductedon raw cow’s milk collected in seven statesof Malaysia to investigate the compositionof minerals and trace elements in the milk.Raw cow’s milk samples were collectedfrom Kedah, Perak, Johor, Melaka,Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilanfrom January to November 2015. ICPMStechnique combined with microwavedigestion were applied to determine theconcentration of five major minerals (Na,Mg, K, Ca and P) and eleven trace elements(Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Mo,Baand Pb) in the milk samples. The resultof analysis showed relatively constantcomposition of minerals and trace elementsin the samples but some variations wereobserved in certain states. Application ofprincipal component analysis (PCA) in thecomposition data showed different clusterexists between the states of Selangor andNegeri Sembilan as well as Kedah andNegeri Sembilan. There is no significantdifference observed in the compositionsof minerals and trace elements betweenother states. The compositions of mineralsand trace elements in raw cow’s milk inMalaysia are comparable with reports fromother research. Further studies can be doneto investigate the source of nutrient, foodor environmental condition that producedthe amounts of minerals and trace elementsin the milk.

Monensin is an ionophoretic antibiotic, which selectively transports alkali metal cations across biological membranes. In growing swine, monensin toxicosis causes acute, degenerative cardiac and skeletal myopathy resembling vitamin E-selenium deficiency. Selenium is an essential trace element incorporated in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an antioxidant enzyme system that protects subcellular membranes. In our study, we examined the effects of monensin on body weight, Se balance, antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of selected minerals in growing pigs that were genetically hypo- or hyperselenemic (hypo-Se and hyper-Se, respectively). Three groups of eight 8-week-old pigs, each comprised of 4 hypo-Se and 4 hyper-Se pigs (76.4 +/- 3.0 and 106.3 +/- 10.3 ng of Se/ml of serum, respectively), were fed standard diets containing 0.1 mg of supplemental Se/kg of body weight, and either 0, 200, or 400 mg of monensin/kg for a 77-day period, followed by a 28-day monensin withdrawal period. On days 0, 7, 28, 56, 70, and 98, all pigs were weighed and blood was collected for determination of serum GSH-Px, creatine phosphokinase, and aspartate transaminase values, as well as serum concentrations of vitamin E, Se, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and Zn. Significance of main effects of monensin treatment, genetic Se status, and their interactions was tested by Fisher's variance ratio test, followed by conditional comparison of treatment means with a Bonferroni test. Signs of monensin toxicosis were not observed and monensin consumption had no effect on body weight, or serum creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, or Se values. However, pigs consuming monensin had consistently higher serum GSH-Px activities, possibly because of increased synthesis of this adaptive antioxidant enzyme. Interactions were not found between monensin and genetic Se status. Hyperselenemic pigs were heavier and had higher serum Se and GSH-Px values than hypo-Se pigs. Furthermore, hypo-Se and hyper-Se pigs were hypo- and hypercupremic, respectively, suggesting genetic regulation of copper status. It is likely that pigs with inadequate antioxidant status (hyposelenemia, hypocupremia) are more susceptible to diseases associated with cellular membrane damage, such as vitamin E-Se deficiency disease and monensin toxicosis.

Experimental evidence indicates that maintenance of urinary pH less than or equal to 6.4 is the single most effective means of preventing feline struvite crystalluria or urolithiasis of noninfectious causes. This may be accomplished by dietary acidification, but must be moderated to avoid potential adverse effects of excessive acidification, including bone demineralization, negative calcium balance, potassium depletion, and renal disease. Effects of chronic dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and on mineral and bone metabolism were investigated in adult, domestic cats. One group of 6 cats was fed a basal, naturally acidifying diet without added acidifiers, and another group of 6 cats was fed 1.7% dietary phosphoric acid. Changes observed during 12 months of study included development of noncompensated metabolic acidosis, increased urinary calcium excretion, and lower but positive calcium balance in cats of both groups. Urinary pH decreased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) and consistently maintained less than or equal to 6.4 in cats given dietary phosphoric acid. Urinary phosphorus excretion increased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in phosphoric acid-supplemented cats, leading to lower overall phosphorus balance as well. Potassium balance decreased in cats of both groups, but was only transiently negative in the phosphoric acid-supplemented cats midway through the study, and normalized at positive values thereafter. Plasma taurine concentration was not affected by dietary acidification, and remained well within the acceptable reference range for taurine metabolism. Double labeling of bone in vivo with fluorescent markers was followed by bone biopsy and histomorphometric measurement of several static and dynamic variables of bone formation. Overall indices of bone formation decreased in cats of both groups with age and confinement, but were not affected by dietary phosphoric acid supplementation. Dietary supplementation with phosphoric acid used as the principal inorganic P source to achieve moderate and stable degree of urinary acidification, did not appear over the course of 1 year, to have induced adverse effects on mineral, bone, or taurine balance in these adult domestic cats.

Four diets were formulated to contain: 16% protein and 0.4% phosphorus-diet 1; 16% protein and 1.4% phosphorus-diet 2; 32% protein and 0.4% phosphorus-diet 3; and 32% protein and 1.4% phosphorus-diet 4. Forty-eight dogs were fed diet 1 for 3 months after surgical reduction of renal mass, then were allotted to 4 groups of 12 dogs each, with equal mean values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Dog of groups 1-4 were fed diets 1-4, respectively, for 24 months. Data collected from the dogs during and at termination of the study were analyzed statistically for effects of dietary protein, phosphorus (P), time, and interactions between these factors. During the 24 months of study, 24 dogs developed uremia and were euthanatized for necropsy. Necropsy also was performed on the remaining 24 dogs after they were euthanatized at the end of the study. Dog survival was significantly enhanced by 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets), but survival was not significantly influenced by amount of dietary protein. The 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets) significantly increased the period that GFR remained stable before it decreased, but dietary protein did not have significant effect. Significant blood biochemical changes attributed to P, protein, and time were identified during the study. Terminally, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased from prediet values in all groups of dogs. Urine protein excretion was not significantly affected by dietary amount of either protein or P, when measured by either timed urine collection or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. A tendency was seen for increased protein excretion with passage of time. Histologic and mineral analyses of kidneys removed at necropsy revealed some significant difference attributable to diet, but differences were more marked when diet was ignored, and the 24 surviving dogs were compared with the 24 that developed uremia. Overall, amount of dietary P was more important than amount of dietary protein for preventing adverse responses. However, because renal damage specifically attributable to either dietary component was not obvious, it is possible that the effects of P were manifested by extrarenal mechanisms.