Repairing wild-type p53 or destroying of mutant p53 is one of the therapeutic targets in cancer. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural oncolytic virus that has potential as a virotherapy agent in cancer. This virus has been shown to induce cancer cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of p53 in cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells and its correlation to the grade of cancer malignancy after NDV therapy in rat fibrosarcoma model. Rat fibrosarcoma model were divided into two groups, i.e., the control group (P0) and the treatment group (P1), each consist of 3 rats. The control group (P0) was injected with 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline and treatment group (P1) was injected with 0.5 mL NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 intratumorally once a day for four consecutive days. At the end of the study, 15 days post-treatment, all rats were euthanized and fibrosarcoma tissue was collected. Fibrosarcoma tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry to determine p53 expression and histopathological examination with hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the grade of malignancy. The results of this study, the mutant p53 were more expressed in the control group (P0) than the treatment group (P1). It showed that NDV was significant (P<0.05) to the decrease of mutant p53 expression and positively correlated (P<0.05) to the cancer malignancy in rat fibrosarcoma model. In conclusion, NDV has potential as a virotherapy agent targeting mutant p53 in rat fibrosarcoma models.

The aim of the present work was to develop reagents to set up a chicken interferon-γ (ChIFN-γ) assay. Four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for ChIFN-γ were generated to establish sandwich ELISA based on 2 different mAbs. To improve the detection sensitivity of ChIFN-γ, a double-monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA was developed using mAb 3E5 as capture antibody and biotinylated mAb 3E3 as a detection reagent. The results revealed that this ELISA has high sensitivity, allowing for the detection of 125 to 500 pg/mL of recombinant ChIFN-γ, and also has an excellent capacity for detecting native ChIFN-γ. This ELISA was then used to detect ChIFN-γ level in chickens immunized with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, the immunized chicken splenocytes were stimulated by NDV F protein as recall antigen. From our results, it appears that the sensitivity range of this sandwich ELISA test is adequate to measure the ex vivo release of ChIFN-γ.

Feral pigeons (Columbia livia) can harbor a range of zoonotic pathogens. A transversal study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of feral pigeons infected by various pathogens in public areas in Montreal, Quebec. Cloacal swabs from captured birds were cultured for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Coxiella burnetii. An oropharyngeal swab was also submitted to real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) for the detection of Newcastle disease virus. Among the 187 pigeons tested from 10 public areas, 9.1% (95% CI: 3.0 to 15.2) were positive for Campylobacter spp. with all strains identified as Campylobacter jejuni. The Campylobacter status of birds was not associated with individual characteristics of birds, with the exception of body score. None of the pigeons tested positive for the other pathogens. Direct or indirect contacts with feral pigeons may constitute a potential risk for Campylobacter infection in humans.

Objective—To determine the effects of resveratrol (RES) on growth and immune status in chickens receiving conventional vaccinations. Animals—Two hundred forty 1-day-old layer chickens. Procedures—Chickens received conventional vaccinations throughout the study and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in 6 replicate pens/treatment. Treatments included 1 control group (basal diet) and 3 experimental groups fed the basal diet plus 200, 400, and 800 mg of RES/kg of diet. At 40 days of age, 1 bird/pen was randomly selected to have blood and tissues collected to determine serum immunity indices; mRNA relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines in splenocytes; mRNA relative expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB, growth hormone receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hepatocytes; cell proliferation; and apoptosis. Results—Average daily gain, antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza viruses H5 and H9, and insulin-like growth factor-1 expression were quadratically increased with increasing RES concentration. In hepatocytes, growth hormone receptor gene mRNA relative expression was quadratically increased and nuclear transcription factor-κB gene mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. In splenocytes, nterleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. Resveratrol supplementation delayed cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in immunocytes. With increasing RES concentration, proliferation index and relative weight of the thymus, ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells, and CD4+ cell count were quadratically increased, and IgM concentration was linearly increased. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary resveratrol supplementation improved growth, protected immunocytes against antigen-induced apoptosis, and upregulated immune response in chickens that received conventional vaccinations.

Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), a variant of Newcastle disease virus that primarily affects doves and pigeons has been isolated in South Africa since the mid-1980s. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses were introduced into South Africa on multiple occasions, based on the presence of two separate lineages, 4bi and 4bii, that have been circulating in Europe and the Far East since the early 1990s. During 2006, a PPMV-1 virus was isolated from an African ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) which became acutely infected with PPMV-1 and died, probably after scavenging off infected dove carcasses in the region, since a closely-related PPMV-1 strain was also isolated from doves collected nearby. The hornbill isolate had ICPI and MDT values characteristic of PPMV-1 strains. The threat of PPMV-1 to poultry production and biodiversity in southern Africa highlights the importance of monitoring the spread of this strain.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a single-stranded negative sense RNA virus, which has been classified as a member of the Avulavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is also one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. The glycoproteins, fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), determine the virulence of NDV, and the relevant molecular structures have already been determined. NDV isolates differ in terms of virulence, and at least 2 of 9 genotypes (Ⅰ-Ⅸ) have been shown to cocirculate.

The lack of effective therapeutic modalities for mammary cancer is attributed to side effects and therapy resistance, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment options. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) exhibits oncolytic activity, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the virulent NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 on the growth of mammary carcinoma. The study involved 15 white female Sprague-Dawley rats induced with mammary carcinoma. After the tumors had developed, the rats were divided into two treatment groups, i.e., treatment 0 (P0) and treatment 1 (P1), which received 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline and 128 HAU/500 μL of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 15 post-virotherapy. Rats were necropsied, the tumor was excised to measure its weight, percentage of tumor inhibition, and subsequently routinely processed for histopathological preparations. The tumor weights in each treatment group were 3.70±0.72 and 2.34±0.64 grams, respectively, with a tumor inhibition percentage of 36.62%. The angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and mitotic activity of P1 were lower than those of P0, while inflammatory cell infiltration and areas of necrosis appeared more prominent in the group treated with the NDV. In conclusion, the NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 shows potential as a virotherapy agent for rat mammary carcinoma models.

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is the most effective means of controlling the disease, and these vaccines are commercialized only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified through tests that comply with Korean Standards of National Lot Release for Veterinary Biologics. This study investigated whether a relatively convenient and safe serological test can be used in place of the challenge test using highly virulent ND virus. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were considered positive of log2 2 or more and cutoff value of 200 or more, respectively, in both live and inactivated vaccines. However, when the antibody levels of the live and inactivated vaccines induced using the Ulster 2C, KBNP-C4152R2L, and K148/08 strains were compared, the antibody titers for inactivated vaccines were significantly higher than those for live vaccines in both the HI assay and ELISA. A strong positive correlation was observed between HI and ELISA antibody titers. The live vaccines corresponded to a survival rates of ≥ 80% and the inactivated vaccines corresponded to 100% survival rates. This study confirmed that standard efficacy tests can serve as serological tests, and can replace the challenge test and that the vaccine approval process can be improved.

Despite the availability of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines for more than six decades, disease outbreaks continue to occur with huge economic consequences to the global poultry industry. The aim of this study is to develop a safe and effective inactivated vaccine based on a recently isolated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain IBS025/13 and evaluate its protective efficacy in chicken following challenge with a highly virulent genotype VII isolate. Firstly, high titre of IBS025/13 was exposed to various concentrations of binary ethylenimine (BEI) to determine the optimal conditions for complete inactivation of the virus. The inactivated virus was then prepared in form of a stable water-in-oil emulsion of black seed oil (BSO) or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) and used as vaccines in specific pathogen-free chicken. Efficacy of various vaccine preparations was also evaluated based on the ability of the vaccine to protect against clinical disease, mortality and virus shedding following challenge with highly virulent genotype\VII NDV isolate. The results indicate that exposure of NDV IBS025/13 to 10 mM of BEI for 21 h at 37 °C could completely inactivate the virus without tempering with the structural integrity of the viral hemagglutin-neuraminidase protein. More so, the inactivated vaccines adjuvanted with either BSO- or FIA-induced high hemagglutination inhibition antibody titre that protected the vaccinated birds against clinical disease and in some cases virus shedding, especially when used together with live attenuated vaccines. Thus, genotype VII-based NDV-inactivated vaccines formulated in BSO could substantially improve poultry disease control particularly when combined with live attenuated vaccines.

Newcastle and Influenza diseases are important viral diseases and its occurrence and virulence in Iran has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses of chickens vaccinated with inactivated dual oil emulsion Newcastle disease and avian influenza vaccine in two methods of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection as well as to assess the possible changes in serum biochemical factors. In this study, after subcutaneous and intramuscular inoculation of inactivated dual oil emulsion Newcastle-Influenza vaccine, the serum antibody level and hematobiochemical factors of these avian were analyzed on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after vaccine injection.The results showed that the values of biochemical parameters such as albumin, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes, sodium and potassium minerals, and hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens were not significantly different. Also, in chickens injected with antigen, Newcastle disease and influenza antibody titers were significantly different with those groups containing adjuvant.The results of this study indicate that the intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of dual combination vaccine is similar in terms of changes in biochemical and hematological factors and Newcastle disease and influenza antibody titers. To ensure safety in inactivated vaccines, the presence of proper adjuvant is essential for immune response.