BACKGROUND: Annexins (including annexin A1 and annexin A2) are important proteins which have some roles in organisms such as intracellular signal conduction, membrane cellular skeletal connection, cellular proliferation and differentiation, especially inhibitory function in inflammation processing. Pasteurella multocida is the most common bacterial pathogen and has high prevalence in pneumonia. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine experimentally annexin A1 and annexin A2 in the serum of calves affected by Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. Methods: In this research, 10 male calves (2 - 4 months) were allocated to two equal groups, one group as the case: 300 ml in dilution 2×109 CFU Pasteurella multocida bacteria and the other as control group: 300 ml normal saline inoculated by special lavage catheter through oral to trachea. Clinical scores were recorded based on available tables. In treatment group, about 18 to 24 hours after inoculation and synchronous with observation clinical signs changes, bronchoalveolar lavage for cytology and bacteriology examination were done of fluids results from washing. Blood sampling was taken from calves jugular vein in both groups then blood serums were examined by using ELISA kits. Results: The rates of annexin A1 and annexin A2  in blood serum of treatment group showed significant increase (using independent t test) compared to control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It seems these annexins (annexin A1 and annexin A2) can be used as important biomarkers in blood serum to diagnose inflammation processes such as pneumonia.

The in vitro antimicrobial activities of aditoprim (AP), a new dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, trimethoprim (TMP), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and combinations of these drugs against some porcine respiratory tract pathogens were determined by use of an agar dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these agents were determined twice against Bordetella bronchiseptica (n = 10), Pasteurella multocida (n = 10), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 20) strains isolated from pigs suffering from atrophic rhinitis or pleuropneumonia. All B bronchiseptica strains were resistant to AP and TMP. The MIC50 values of AP and TMP for P multocida were 0.25 and 0.06 microgram/ml, respectively, and for A pleuropneumoniae, 1 and 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively. The MIC50, values of SDM and SDM for B bronchiseptica were 4 and 1 microgram/ml, respectively; for P multocida, 16 and 8 microgram/ml, respectively; and for A pleuropneumoniae, 16 and 8 microgram/ml, respectively. The investigated combinations of the DHFR inhibitors and the selected sulfonamides had synergism for the A pleuropneumoniae strains; the MIC90 values of the combinations were less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml. Potentiation was not observed for the B bronchiseptica and the P multocida isolates. The MIC of the combinations against B bronchiseptica and P multocida corresponded respectively to the concentrations of the sulfonamides and the DHFR inhibitors in the combinations. For A pleuropneumoniae, 2 types of strains were used (25% of serotype 2 and 75% of serotype 9). Type-2 strains had lower susceptibility than type-9 strains to AP and TMP as well as to SDM and SMX (at least a fourfold difference in MIC between the 2 types of strains). The MIC of the combinations were similar for the 2 types of strains.

A challenge-exposure model was developed for dose-dependent induction of subclinical (moderate) atrophic rhinitis (AR) in conventionally raised Dutch Landrace and Large White pigs, about 4 weeks old. Under favorable climatic and housing conditions, pigs were intranasally challenge-exposed with Pasteurella multocida-derived toxin (Pm-T) 3 days after pretreatment by inoculation with 1% acetic acid. Pigs were challenge-exposed with 1 of the following Pm-T doses: 0 (control), 5, 13, 20, or 40 microgram of Pm-T/ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS), 0.5 ml/ nostril/d on 3 consecutive days. Five weeks after challenge exposure, subclinical moderate) AR status was defined as intermediate conchal atrophy (grade 2 for ventral conchae on a 0 to 4 scale and grade 1 or 2 for dorsal conchae on a 0 to 3 scale, respectively) and perceptible difference in change in brachygnathia superior (CBS) between control and challenge-exposed pigs between the beginning and end of the study. All Pm-T-exposed pigs had nasal damage that was dose-dependent. The higher Pm-T doses resulted in higher ventral conchae atrophy and dorsal conchae atrophy scores. The CBS increased with applied Pm-T dose, resulting in significant (P < 0.05) differences between controls (3.88 mm) and the 13-, 20-, and 40-microgram Pm-T-treated groups (7.77, 6.58, and 7.98 mm, respectively). In response to the applied dose, weight gain per week for Pm-T-exposed pigs was lower than that of controls after week 3 (P < 0.01). Difference from controls was 32, 54, 52, and 96 g/d/pig for 5-, 13-, 20-, and 40-microgram Pm-T-treated groups respectively, in the last 2 weeks. For Dutch Landrace and Large White pigs, intranasally administered Pm-T mimicked the pathogenic effect of in vivo infection with toxigenic Pm strains. The optimal model to induce subclinical AR appeared to be 13 microgram of Pm-T/ml (0.5 ml/nostril/d) on 3 consecutive days.

Microscopic examination of the nasal mucosa of clinically normal specific-pathogen-free pigs and of toxicogenic type-D Pasteurella multocida toxin challenge-exposed specific-pathogen-free pigs indicated that the surface epithelium in pigs of both groups was microscopically normal; erosions or appreciable inflammatory changes were not evident. In pigs of both groups and in aU 3 regions of the nasal cavity, the endothelial lining of all blood vessels appeared normal without detectable changes to the walls at postinoculation day 10. Vascular injury in the cartilage or the bone was not discernible in control or challenge-exposed pigs. There were marked differences in the osseous structures of the conchae when the 2 groups were compared. In control pigs, active bone formation and remodeling were observed, and the septal cartilage was normal. In toxin challenge-exposed pigs, there likewise was normal bone formation and remodeling in the vestibular region, and the septal cartilage was normal. In marked contrast, conspicuous changes were observed in the osseous core of the conchae of the respiratory and, sometimes, the olfactory regions. These changes consisted of bone necrosis and resorption by large numbers of osteoclasts with variable replacement by dense mesenchymal stroma, which resulted in conchal atrophy. In the absence of any discernible damage or injury (angiopathy) to the nasal vessels, it appears that the action of the dermonecrotoxin of P multocida serotype D is on the most active osteoblasts and the associated organic matrix of the bone, with subsequent disruption of normal bone formation and remodeling of the nasal conchae.

Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were complexed with Aspergillus fumigatus ribosomes. The complexes were used as inocula to prepare antisera, in chickens, for somatic antigen typing by the gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT). Antisera made against 15 of 16 LPS reacted with their respective specific heat-stable antigens in the GDPT and homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test. Antisera could not be made against serotype 15 LPS. Correlation was not observed between intensity of the precipitin reaction in the GDPT and titer to homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test. Most antisera cross-related with other heat-stable antigens of other serotypes in the GDPT. Many of these cross-reactions were eliminated by dilution. Cross-reactions that occurred in the GDPT with antisera made against LPS of serotypes 2, 5, 7 and 8 could not be eliminated by dilution.

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the antibody response to multiple doses of an inactivated mixed vaccine against Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica, and to investigate the influence of age at time of vaccination in the field. Healthy female Holstein calves received the vaccine at the age of 5–12 days and 2, 3, or 4 weeks later in the first experiment or at 1, 2, or 3 weeks of age and 4 weeks later in the second. Blood samples were collected at each vaccination and 3 weeks after the booster dose. Based on the antibody titres after the vaccinations, calves were divided into positive and negative groups for each of the bacteria. Calves in the control group were vaccinated only once at the age of 19–26 days. Antibody titres against H. somni and P. multocida were significantly increased by the booster. After the second vaccinations, the titres against each bacterium were higher than those of the control group, and the M. haemolytica-positive percentage in calves with high maternal antibody levels (MAL) exceeded that in calves with low MAL. In the first experiment, a majority of the M. haemolytica-positive calves tended to have received the primary dose at seven days of age or older. A booster dose of the inactivated bacterial vaccine in young Holstein calves increased antibody production and overcame the maternal antibodies. Calves should be vaccinated first at seven days of age or older.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Pasteurella multocida from fowl cholera (FC) suspected chicken, and to prepare and efficacy determination of formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine using the isolated P. multocida strain. Materials and methods: A total of five suspected dead chickens were collected from Brothers Poultry Farm located at Gazipur district, Bangladesh. The samples were processed and the P. multocida was isolated through conventional bacteriological techniques, were finally confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. multocida specific primers targeting cap gene. The P. multocida isolate was used to develop a formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine. The efficacy of the newly prepared vaccine was determined in Starcross-579 chickens (n=30) aging 15 weeks either by injecting 1 mL (group-A; n=10) or 0.5 mL (group-B; n=10) vaccine containing approximately 3.2x108 CFU/mL P. multocida organism; 10 birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The sera from the vaccinated and control birds were collected and were subjected for antibody titre determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally the vaccinated birds were challenged using virulent strains of P. multocida to confer the protection against FC. Results: P. multocida could be isolated from both the samples. The formalin killed vaccine prepared from the isolated bacteria was subjected for the determination of antibody titre in chicken, and found that the antibody titres in the birds of group A and group B were 4.513 and 4.07 respectively after primary vaccination, and 4.893 and 4.37 respectively after booster vaccination. Most of the vaccinated birds were found to be survived after challenging with virulent strain of P. multocida. Conclusion: It is concluded that the causal agent of FC (P. multocida) was successfully isolated from FC affected dead chickens. The prepared formalin killed fowl cholera vaccine induces protective immune response and conferred protection against challenge infection caused by the virulent strain of P. multocida. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 45-50]