BACKGROUND: Brucellosis or Malta fever is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases considered as a health and economic concern.OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to employ several methods to detect Brucella in blood and milk samples of saanen goat and use a safe and definitive method to diagnose this disease.METHODS: In this study, 122 blood samples and 122 milk samples were collected from saanen goats. After culture and serological-based isolation methods (RBPT, Wright, 2ME, and Ring test), DNA was extracted from all the blood and milk samples. PCR was carried out using B4 and B5 primers on all the extracted DNAs in order to detect the B. abortus and B. melitensis; PCR was carried out with Br.a and Br.m primers.RESULTS: The results of all the blood samples were negative, but bacterial growth was observed in three milk samples, which was detected in biotyping, biovar 1 melitenensis. The PCR results for detection of Brucella spp. of nine blood samples and nine milk samples were positive. Using mPCR primers, B. melitensis were identified through all the nine milk and blood samples.CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we found that better bacterial diagnostic system and choosing an appropriate technique for rapid detection, such as PCR and Real Time PCR, in addition to popular awareness and other functions of national veterinary medicine institute could control the diseases and decrease their incidence successfully.

BACKGROUND: Meat is one of society's most important nutritional needs, the price of which is higher than other food groups. In recent years, the use of meat products has increased due to human lifestyle changes. Fraud in meat products occurs for various reasons, including the economic value of meat. Therefore, it is crucial to use fast and accurate methods of identifying these frauds.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the unauthorized tissue by a histological method as well as to determine the unauthorized species used in meat products of factories in Hamadan province.METHODS: In the summer of 2021, fifty samples were collected from active production units of the Hamedan province that were available in the Hamadan city market and transferred to the laboratory for histological laboratory and animal species determination by PCR test. For the histology test based on the national standard 6103, the samples were subjected to fixation, passage (dehydration, clearing, impregnation with molten paraffin), blocking, sectioning, and H&E staining. PCR method was used to determine the type of animal species used in the production of the collected samples.RESULTS: The results confirmed the presence of unauthorized tissues, including bone, cartilage (articular and respiratory cartilage), skin, and glandular organ in meat products. Also, PCR test results showed that chicken meat was found in 100% of the samples labeled with beef.CONCLUSIONS: The presence of illegal tissue and the use of chicken meat in products labeled as beef meat is evident in the sausages produced in Hamadan province.

BACKGROUND: Trypanosomosis is a blood parasitic disease with veterinary and cosmopolitan importance due to Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) type A in camels, cattle, buffaloes, and equine and type B in camels. OBJECTIVES: We conducted the present study to discriminate Trypanosoma evansi type A and B infection in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sistan-va-Baluchestan Province, south eastern Iran. METHODS: A total number of 369 blood samples were randomly taken from jugular vein of the examined one-humped camels from different parts of the region. Genomic DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify 205bp-fragment-length and 436bp-fragment-length of RoTat 1.2 VSG gene (T. evansi type A) and Minicircle gene (T. evansi type B), respectively. RESULTS: Molecular findings revealed that all the infected camels were affected by T. evansi type A. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the current study, we could conclude that the cause of infection in the examined camels of the region, like other parts of the world, was T. evansi type A.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram negative pathogen of the respiratory tract in dogs, pigs, cats, horses, laboratory animals and human beings. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica in oropharynx region of pet and kenneled dogs by PCR and culture and evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates in Iran. METHODS: The samples were collected by sterile swabs from oropharynx region of 62 pet dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs) and 62 kenneled dogs (including 31 dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 31 dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs). Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected by PCR and culture and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were evaluated. RESULTS: Based on the PCR results, Bordetella bronchiseptica was detected in 16.1% of pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 9.6% of pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, 22.5% of kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 16.1% of kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs. On bacterial culture, Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from 3.2% pet dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs, 3.2% kenneled dogs with clinical respiratory disease signs and 6.4% kenneled dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs, none of the pet dogs without clinical respiratory disease signs was positive on bacterial culture. The isolates tested by the agar dilution method were susceptible to tetracycline, enrofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and doxycycline, moderately susceptible to ceftriaxone and resistant to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the high prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dogs in Iran. Bordetella bronchiseptica can infect the people who have contact with the affected pet dogs and those kept in overcrowded shelters.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of Campylobacter associated food-poisoning has gradually increased and it is considered to be the major cause of widespread infectious disease of the recent century. Although the poultry are the most important reservoirs and source of transmission of Campylobacter to human, urban wild birds like the ducks with faecal contamination of environment cannot be excluded from being the contributing source of Campylobacter spp. for human and animals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the faecal contamination of C.jujuni and C.coli in urban ducks in the North of Iran. Methods:From March to April 2016, a total of 75 stool samples were collected from urban ducks in Sari, Amol, Ghaem Shahr and Babol, Mazandaran province, Iran to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter spp. using triplex PCR. 16srRNA, mapA and ceuE genes were targeted for Campylobacter spp., C.jujuni and C.coli respectively. Results: 13 of 75 samples (17.33%) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Faeco prevalence of C.jujuni and C.coli was 84.6% and 15.4% .The prevalence of C.jujuni was significantly more (p< 0-0.5). Conclusions: The results of this study have shown prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in urban ducks in the North of Iran is relatively high and may be considered a potential risk factor for human Campylobacteriosis in Iran, especially in children

BACKGROUNDS: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, which is widely prevalent in sheep throughout the world. Parasite infection can occur pre- or post-natally. Congenital ovine toxoplasmosis occurs following a primary infection in a pregnant ewe and leads to abortion and stillbirth of the fetus causing important economical losses to sheep industry. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence of T. gondii DNA in brain samples from fetuses of slaughtered ewes in Khorramabad, west of Iran. METHODS: In total, 60 brain samples of ovine fetuses were collected. Examined fetuses were categorized in three age groups (4 months). Fifty grams of each sample was homogenized by mortar and pestle. DNA extraction was performed using a DNA isolation kit (MBST, Iran). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which targets the repeated element (RE) of the organism was used for tissue samples. Brain samples were considered T. gondii-positive if the expected band size (529 bp) appeared. RESULTS: T. gondii was detected in 4 out of 60 (6·7%) examined fetuses. No case was recorded in the age group

BACKGROUND: Tilapia is one of the important farmed fish in the world. In the recent years this fish has been grown for evaluating the possibility of farming in climate status of Bafgh region. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was identification of some important bacterial pathogens in farmed tilapia. METHODS: In this study thirty fish with 153.4 g (average weight) and 20.12 cm (average length) were randomly collected from ponds. Some bacteriological and biochemical tests such as gram staining, Catalase, H2S production, Indole and motility were used. For definitive identification of isolates, PCR test was done by use of special paired primers. For each bacterium a target gene is detected. RESULTS: From two bacterial groups, gram positive and gram negative, six species were identified. In the gram positive group, Lactococcus graviaea and in the gram negative group, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginoliticus, V. parahemoliticus and V. vulnificus were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding of different bacterial agents in the fish farm environments is essential for cultivation of tilapia. There are different bacterial agents, each of which can be considered to threaten the living conditions of fish. Respecting the health management leads to increasing  fish immunity and helps  their survival in the cultivation status.

Introduction and objective: Salmonella spp. are zoonotic pathogens have been infected a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Opportunistic wild carnivores such as Golden jackal (Canis aureus) which stray in high numbers around the rural areas can act as potential sources of salmonella spp in humans and wild &amp; domestic animals in North Iran.The object of this survey was to examine the Salmonella spp infection including the antibiotic-resistant pattern in golden jackals in Golestan and Mazandaran Province.Material and Methods: Between 2013 and 2015, fecal samples of 50 road-killed Golden jackals (Canis aureus), were collected and analyzed for Salmonella contamination by classical microbiological culture methods and PCR followed by serotyping and determining of antibiotic resistant pattern.Results: 5 Salmonella belonging to 2 serotypes: S typhymurium (3/5) and S arizona (2/5) were isolated by culturing and PCR. The rate of Salmonella contamination was similar between females and males and higher incidence detected in jackals under 2 years old.Conclusion: 10% Salmonella infection of sampled golden jackals highlights the neglected role of this species in zoonotic diseases dissemination and posing a great threat to human health in rural areas of Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces.The epidemiological study on role of wild animals in the spread of salmonella and developing strategy for salmonellosis prevention and control seems necessary.

BACKGROUND: Soybean oil is one of the highly consumed vegetable oil worldwide. Nowadays, usage of genetically modified (GM) soybean seeds for soybean oil production is constantly increasing. The recommended methods for GMO detection are based on analysis of residual DNA in vegetable oil and highly processed food. However, the successful amplification of isolated DNA depends on the efficiency of DNA extraction method. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply three different DNA extraction methods for analysis of residual genomic DNA in crude and refined soybean oil to obtain high pure of DNA suitable for DNA amplification. Methods: Extraction methods were developed based on the specific binding of DNA molecules to the silica membrane (column) or resin. The isolated DNA was then analyzed by PCR technique using primer pairs, derived from 18S rRNA and 5.8S rRNA gene and soybean lectin gene. Results: The results showed that amplifiable DNA could not be extracted from crude/refined soybean oil in method 1. In method 2, by pre-treating of oil with PBS and subsequent precipitation with Isopropanol, the amplification was not observed but OD260 was decreased. In method 1 and 2 the DNA was not pure enough to be amplifiable. To remove more effectively contaminant, method 2 was combined with chloroform extraction as method 3. The extracted DNA from all examined oil samples could be amplified. ConclusionS: We believe that the purity of DNA in samples is decisive for amplification and not necessarily the low amount of DNA in samples. Method 3 can be determined as a suitable method for the isolation of the pure DNA.