Thermotolerant Campylobacter genus is one of the most prevalent causes of gastroenteritis in humans, especially C. coli and C. jejuni. Despite the importance of Campylobacter diagnosis to public health, many laboratories continue to adopt the slow, inaccurate conventional culturing approach, which leads to false-negative/positive results. The origin, transmission, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology of Campylobacter spp. diseases are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the samples were collected over a period from August 2021 to September 2022; about 100 poultry samples and 43 stool specimens from children were collected. According to conventional culturing techniques, the overall prevalence of the Campylobacter genus in both poultry and humans was determined to be 31.5%, whereas PCR analysis of poultry (30) and human specimens (43) for Campylobacter genus revealed a 35.6% isolation rate. While C. coli was the only species detected in poultry-positive Campylobacter genus samples demonstrated by 27.3%, the human-positive Campylobacter’s isolates were C. coli with 33.3%, C. jejuni and mixed infection with 6.7%. Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indexes quantify genetic diversity; assuming that Campylobacter species express virulence genes differently, we found that C. coli had a higher Shannon diversity index (0.8487) and Simpson index (0.4938), while C. jejuni had (0.6931) for Shannon and (0.5) for Simpson index. Regarding host-virulence genes diversity, human-derived strains had a higher Shannon diversity index (1.474) and Simpson index (0.75) than poultry. This study provided evidence that the genetic profiles of circulating species of Campylobacter differ depending on the origin, highlighting the need for genetic diversity knowledge for effective management and prevention strategies.

Meat contamination is a problem that must be addressed since it can affect consumers' health. Standard acceptable limits for heavy metals in meat and organs have been established by many international organizations. Livestock including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats side by side with other poultry species are the most significant sources of meat for protein. Heavy metal contamination in animal products may be harmful to people's health. The earth's crust naturally contains heavy metals, but uncontrolled human activity has significantly changed their geochemical cycles and biological equilibrium. This causes a buildup of metals in animal tissue that contain secondary metabolites, which gives rise to a specific pharmacological action. Humans can have negative health effects from prolonged exposure to heavy metals as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury. This review showed that most of the studies conducted in different countries on heavy metals were mostly in red meat, and the research was few in the cases of domesticated birds and very rare in game birds, although it is considered a good example for investigating heavy metals in the environment

Herbal extracts are potential safe sources of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, antibacterial agents which might be applied in different foods and pharmaceutical products. This study aimed to detect the minimal inhibitory concentrations for antibacterial agents and herbal extracts, Using DAA method (decimal assay for additivity) to determine interaction effect between combination of herbal extracts and antimicrobial agent methods and pathogenicity test of isolated G. anatis. The total incidence of G. anatis was 30% in the examined infected layer chickens. By using antibiotic sensitivity test, the retrieved strains were resistant to doxycycline (98.3%), amoxicillin (95.8%) and gentamycin (95%). But susceptible to erythromycin (95.8%), florfenicol (90%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (57.5%) and difloxacin (44.17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanolic herbal extract of rosemary leaves was 64 µg/ml and for Eucalyptus globules was 256 µg/ml, while for cinnamon was 1024 µg/ml. The current study revealed that rosemary gave the best results in combination with amoxicillin at ratios 9:1 and 7:3. Moreover, combination with doxycycline gave acceptable results at ratios 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 but with florfenicol gave good results at ratios 9:1 and 8:2. Moreover, with erythromycin gave good results at ratios of 9:1 and 8:2. While Eucalyptus  globules mixed with four antibiotics at ratios of 9:1and 8:2 gave the best results with amoxicillin, but for doxycycline was at three ratios (9:1, 8:2 and 7:3). After intra nasal (IN) experimental infection of chicks with Gallibacterium anatis strains, majority of chickens exhibited dullness, depression, decreased feed and water intake, and respiratory signs. Treatment was effective by DAA method by combination between doxycycline and rosemary at ratio 9:1. In addition, combination of amoxicillin and rosemary, between erythromycin with rosemary, and florfenicol with rosemary at 9:1 were very effective.