Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in human and animal patients. Early detection and treatment of the disease are important and can be facilitated by proteomic approaches providing biomarkers.

An experiment was conducted by feeding diets with different levels of energy (2850, 2950 and 3050 kcal/kg in pre-starter diet, 2950, 3050 and 3150 kcal/kg in starter diet and 3050, 3150 and 3250 kcal/kg in finisher diet) and protein (21.5, 22.5 and 23.5% in pre-starter diet, 20.5, 21.5 and 22.5% in starter diet and 19, 20 and 21% in finisher diet) to commercial broilers for a period of five weeksto assess the muscle protein content in environmentally controlled and open sided housing system. The interaction between feeding different levels of energy and protein and housing system revealed no significant influence on breast and thigh muscle protein level in broilers.

Maggots are one of the fly larvae with a high protein content of up to 30-45%, so maggots can be used as an alternative animal feed ingredient. As one of the sources of animal feed raw materials, insects-based feed must also be safe from contaminants of microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and determine the screening of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria from maggots' digestive systems. Maggots are cultivated on media based on animal faecal and organic waste for 2 months. Then, the bacteria are isolated and purified using nutrient agar media, and hemolysis tests are carried out on blood agar media and Gram staining. Eighty-seven bacterial colonies with various morphological characteristics were successfully isolated from the maggot digestive system. Most isolated bacteria are classified as Gram-negative bacteria with a bacilli form. Based on the results of the hemolysis test, as many as 16% of bacterial isolates are indicated by pathogenic bacteria because of their ability to hemolyze blood. However, only about 2% showed b-hemolysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the screening results of non-pathogenic bacteria are still more numerous compared to pathogenic bacteria present in the maggot digestive system.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of locally produced fish biosilage as fish meal alternative on feeding, growth efficiency and gut histology in common carp C. Carpio fingerlings. Biosilage was prepared by fermenting marine by-catch fish with date fruit residues, domestic vinegar and citric acid. The produced biosilage was incorporated in feeds to replace 0, 25, 50 or 75% of fish meal protein. Fish were fed for 14 weeks and feeding and growth parameters were close in the four feed groups so as fish survival rate during the experiment (88.9-93.3%). Histological examination of intestine and liver sections has showed improvements when fish fed on the four different feeds. Initial fish group showed signs of nutritional deficiency through limited size of intestinal villi and hepatocytes. However, the histological structure of gut was improved after fish were fed on the experimental feeds without significant differences between fish meal or fish biosilage feeds. The study concluded that fish silage could replace fish meal without adverse effects on feeding, growth efficiency and gut histology.

A total of 620 egg samples from different species (chickens, ducks and ostriches) and 1615 poultry samples (chickens, ducks, pigeons, quails, turkeys and ostriches) were examined for salmonella infection. 12 salmonella isolates were obtained from the egg samples (1.9%) and 67 isolates from poultry samples (4.1%). Salmonella isolates were serotyped into S. enteritidis (25 isolates), S. typhimurium (17 isolates), S. infantis (12 isolates), S. montivideo (7 isolates), 3 isolates for each of S. rubislaw and S. cerro , 2 isolates for each of S. virginia, S. agona, S. poona, and S. derby and 1 isolate for each of S. sandiago and S. kentucky. The incidence of isolation from different poultry species was discussed in details. Antibiogram of the isolated salmonellae against 10 different antibiotics revealed that norofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cepheridin and gentamycin gave the highest activity against different salmonella isolates while amoxicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin showed the highest resistance rate. Pathogenicity of the isolated serovars was tested in chickens. All isolates were found pathogenic with various degree of virulence. SDSPAGE protein analysis for the salmonella isolated form different poultry species revealed 12 protein bands ranged from 22-289 kDa. The differences were insufficient for reliable differentiation between the isolates and accordingly, it could be used beside other molecular techniques in differentiation between the salmonella strains.

The amount of four minerals (Magnesium, Calcium, Selenium and copper) and total protein of hydatid cysts fluid obtained from lung and liver of sheep and cow was checked. Magnesium (Mg+2) and calcium (Ca+2) showed higher levels in cysts of sheep than those of cow which was (8.38, 29.11, 7.90, 25.70 mmol/L) respectively whereas the selenium (Se+) and copper (Cu+) showed a little differences in both species. Total protein amonts were found to have wide range in both animal species.

P. multocida contains one or more antigenic determinant of different proportions responsible for partial protection offered by the heterologous serovars. SDS-PAGE analysis of the whole protein profile prepared from sheep local isolates of P. multocida types (A, D), Mannheimia haemolytica type (A), P. trehalosi type (T) as well as standard strain of P. multocida (B6) revealed that the protein profile exhibited some differences with variable molecular masses ranged between 14 to 116 kDa. There are sharing protein subunits of molecular masses of 66, 37 and 28 kDa as the unique cross-reactive antigens in all isolates. The protection percentage for the vaccinated mice with inactivated M. haemolytica against the challenge with virulent strain of P. multocida type A, D and B6 are 30%, 30% and 20% respectively and 25%, 25% and 20% respectively in the groups of mice vaccinated with inactivated P. trehalosi so, there is cross reaction but limited cross protection between pasteurella isolates. The suggested vaccine must contain local isolates of P. multocida serotypes A, D and B6 as well as M. haemolytica and P. trehalosi.

A study was conducted on (35) healthy Frisian cow aged (2-4) years and were grown in farms in Al-zubair region, in Basrah city This study was performed to find the effect of pregnancy on blood serum protein concentration (Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Globulin fractions (α, β, γ). The result revealed there was significant elevation (P

In this study five serotypes of E. coli were isolated from chickens and identified as O1, O2, O6, O78 and O126 out of 33 isolates derived from a total of 60 samples. SDS-PAGE revealed that four proteins were characteristic and shared in all these serotypes at the molecular weight of 21, 30, 55 and 74 kDa of which 55 and 74 kDa proteins were fully reacted with the antisera against E. coli in the western blot. Other proteins are present but varied from one serotype to another.

Objective: Protein is needed for chicken growth, but high protein consumption causes a low protein efficiency ratio and causes feed prices to be expensive. Therefore, the immunological potential of fermented snail meat hydrolysate in local chickens was studied for feed supplements in low-protein rations to reduce costs. Materials and Methods: The research used snail meat hydrolysate resulting from submerged fermentation with starter culture from rice washing water. Using hydrolysates as a fishmeal substitute to reduce the protein content of male local chicken diets. Hydrolysate is mixed into the formulated ration: P0 = 12% fish meal in feed without hydrolysate added, P1 = 8% fish meal in feed plus 5 ml hydrolysate/kg feed; P2 = 4% fish meal in feed plus 10 ml hydrolysate/kg feed; and P3 = Feed without fish meal plus 15 ml hydrolysate/kg feed. The study used completely randomized study parameters, namely the production performance of 200 chickens and the immune system (including lymphoid organs and hematological status) of 60 chickens. Results: Snail meat hydrolysate (10 ml/kg) can replace the reduction in the use of fish meal from 12% to 4% in ration formulation without reducing production performance and has no negative effect on the immune system. Conclusion: Snail meat hydrolysate has the potential to be used as an immune antibiotic to replace the use of fishmeal in the development of low-protein dietary formulations without affecting production performance or negatively affecting the chicken's immune system. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 71-77]