Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in retail poultry shops, characterized the antibiotic resistance profile, and detected the genotypic pattern of vir¬ulence genes. Materials and Methods: Broiler meat (n = 90), intestinal content (n = 40), and environmental samples (n = 95) were collected for this study. Besides, hand swabs (n = 20) were obtained from the poultry shop workers and stool samples (n = 40) were collected from the outpatient clinics of Beni-Suef University Hospital, Egypt. The samples were subjected to isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes by conventional bacteriological examinations and biochemical tests, followed by confirmatory identification by the polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among the collected samples (n = 285), L. monocytogenes could be detected in 14.4% (n = 41/285) of the samples, where 30.0% (n = 12/40) of the intestinal content was positive. Similarly, 10.0% (n = 9/90), 15.0% (n = 3/20), and 12.5% (n = 5/40) of the samples of meat, hand swabs, and stools were found positive for L. monocytogenes, respectively. A total of 12 (12.6%) out of 95 environmental samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Based on the antimicrobial sensitiv¬ity profile, most of the recovered isolates were multidrug-resistant against most commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion: The findings conclude that poultry shops play a vital role in transmitting L. monocy¬togenes to the consumers. Asymptomatic poultry shop workers should draw attention to their potentials for spreading the infection to the consumers through the contaminated carcasses. Low hygienic standards are present in commercial poultry shops that increase the risk of contamina¬tion in the sold products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 710-717]

Companion animals especially cats and dogs can provide a bridge for transmission of emerging bacterial diseases that are zoonotic in nature. Zoonotic diseases had posed numerous risk to ownership of companion animals by human either through directed or indirect contact especially in recent years where livestock species are being used as pets. Furthermore, companion animals could play a significant role in zoonosis as a potential reservoirs of various infections. These diseases have impacted greatly to the definition of new paradigms posed by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases particularly relating to biosecurity policies and broadly to the protection of public health. Multi-sectorial collaboration for disease containment should be emphasized towards curtailing and managing health risks regarding infectious zoonotic diseases. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 101-109]

Wild animals such as bats usually do not receive antibiotic therapy, however bats can have bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics due to water contamination from pharmaceutical factory waste disposal, expired medicines that are thrown away carelessly, feces and urine that pollute the environment. This research aimed to look at cases of multidrug resistance (MDR) in bats on the island of Lombok, Indonesia. A total of 135 bat rectal swab samples were taken using sterile cotton buds. Isolation of E. coli bacteria using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar media then looking at morphology and biochemical tests. The bacterial sensitivity test used the disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics, namely the antibiotics amoxicillin, ciprofloxacine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, cefotaxime and azithromycin. The research results showed that from 135 samples tested, 97 samples were positive for E. coli. Samples that were positive for E. coli were tested for sensitivity, showing that 41 (41/97, 42.26%) samples were still sensitive to all tested antibiotics and 56 samples experienced resistance with the results of samples experiencing resistance to the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) as many as 40 samples ( 41.2%), amoxicillin (AML) 25 samples (25.7%), tetracycline (TE) 23 samples (23.7%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) 21 samples (21.6%), ciprofloxacine (CIP) 14 samples (14.4%), gentamicin (CN) 1 sample (1%), and for cefotaxime (CTX) 0 samples experienced resistance (0%), and 15 samples experienced multidrug resistance. These results explain that bats in caves on the Indonesian island of Lombok act as transmitters of MDR E. coli to public health.

Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria that are members of the Leptospira genus. This illness can occur in a variety of environments, although it is more prevalent in tropical regions where humidity and wetness greatly aid in its spread. Geographically broad, leptospirosis primarily affects tropical, temperate, and subtropical regions. Bacteria can enter the body through the vaginal system, mucosa, conjunctiva, and tiny abrasions. Hazardous germs are released into the urine when the bacteria settle in the complex kidney pathways. Leptospirosis symptoms are similar to those of other diseases, making diagnosis challenging. The majority of leptospirosis patients are resolved without problems. Laboratory techniques are used to research leptospirosis in humans and animals. Humans are classified as accidental hosts because they have had direct or indirect interaction with leptospirosis-infected animals. Leptospirosis infection can occur in at-risk groups who work in contaminated environments or animal shelters, such as abattoir and sewer workers, coal mines, plumbers, salver workers, agricultural workers, veterinarians, military personnel, abattoir employees, animals, meat handlers, and fishing industry workers. Antimicrobial therapy is one way to treat leptospirosis. Among the antibiotics are doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, penicillin, and erythromycin. Reducing the incidence of leptospirosis in domestic and wild animals can help manage the disease in people. Leptospirosis in wild animals is difficult to control, but in domesticated animals, vaccinations using inactivated whole cells or outer membrane preparations can effectively manage the disease.

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by species of the genus Sporothrix that has stood out in recent years, mainly in Brazil. Its importance for public health as an emerging disease is mainly associated with zoonotic transmission by domestic cats, which have a high fungal load on skin lesions, facilitating the dissemination of the agent. Classical transmission is caused by traumatic inoculation of the fungus in a contaminated environment. Propagation between animals occurs due to close contact between cats with other cats or dogs and for humans associated with bites, scratches, and interaction with exudate from infected lesions. The clinical manifestations in felines are variable and can present as localized or fixed, disseminated, cutaneous-lymphatic, and systemic. In human patients, mainly immunosuppressed, extracutaneous forms can occur, evolving even to fatal cases. Early diagnosis is essential to ensure that preventive measures are employed for owners, with the isolation of the etiological agent in culture being considered the gold standard. The lack of strategic plans, adequate control measures, failure to recognize and neglect the disease increases the incidence of cases, especially in more precarious population groups. Thus, due to its importance in public and animal health, the objective of this review was to highlight recent advances concerning the feline disease.

Meat products are essential sources of high quality animal protein, essential amino acids, and trace elements such as copper, zinc, and iron, and vitamins such as vitamin B group. However, meat products can be exposed to contamination with several xenobiotics including heavy metals. Several species of the heavy metal group have no physiological functions and their intake via contaminated food and water is associated with several adverse health effects that might reach to even death. In this review, we will throw the light on the occurrence of heavy metals and the sources of contamination of the meat products with these chemicals. Moreover, the potential adverse health effects associated with these chemicals will be reviewed.

Fish and fish products represent major contributors to supply humans with part of their needs of the essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, omega -3-fatty acids, and other needed micronutrients. However, fish and fish products are highly perishable foods that can easily spoiled and decomposed, possibly because of its cross contamination from the surrounding environment. Fish attracts a vast array of microorganisms, of these; mould and yeast represent a major sector of these microbiota, which by turn van lead to rapid decomposition of fish or even produce several toxicological implications if ingested. In this review, we will highlight the available literature about mould contamination of fish and fish products with a special reference to its public health significance.

Today, the use of components obtained from plant extracts is rapidly increasing, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Eight different plants, which are used as winter tea and are frequently consumed among herbal teas, were selected in the study. The aim of study was to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of teas obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants such as Linden, Ginger, Cinnamon, Sage, Daisy, Turmeric, Clove and Rosehip. Five different pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected from common disease-causing pathogens. A total of 21 combinations were made for each plant. Disc diffusion and Minimum inhibition concentration methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity. DPPH (2,2 Difenil-1Pikrohidrozil) method was used to determine antioxidant activity. The amount of total phenolic and tannins contents contained of herbal teas were also determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method.The highest value among the antimicrobial activities of herbal teas (triple combination) was measured against E. faecalis (25.11 mm). The herbal combination with the highest value measured was found in the ginger+cinnamon+clove group. The highest antioxidant value was measured in this mixture (36.8 mg/mL).Because some plants have more bioavailability, these benefits can be suppressed in a mixture. When determining these mixtures, the consumption will be more beneficial for public health, given the recommendations of researchers and experts.

Toxocariasis is an important cosmopolitan zoonotic disease mainlycaused by Toxocara spp., a type of soil transmitted helminth (STH) on cats and dogs. In this study, 80 soil samples were taken from four public playgrounds and six neighbourhood playgrounds in Ipoh, Perak between October and December 2016 to determine the status of soil contamination with the eggs of Toxocara spp. Results showed that 32.5% from the total soil samples were positive with Toxocara spp. eggs. Overall, five out of ten of the sampling sites were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. Besides that, the relationship between the soil condition and the occurrence of the Toxocara spp. eggs in soils were also investigated. The findings showed that increase of moisture and pH of the soils contributed to the increase of contaminationwith Toxocara spp. eggs. Sandy soils were found significantly contaminated with the eggs of Toxocara spp. compared to theother types of soil. Therefore, appropriate preventive measures such as treatment of soil, regular monitoring and deworming of dogs and cats as well as awareness programmes to the public are important.

The occurrence of veterinary drug residues in chicken meat originating from 320 small and medium scale chicken slaughterhouses in Peninsular Malaysia was determined. 637 chicken meat samples were examined for tetracycline (TCs), sulphonamide (SAs) and quinolone residues using a microbiological inhibition test and was further confirmed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). The presence of TC residues were confirmed in 10 (1.6%) samples, and 1 (0.2%)sample was confirmed in compliance to the established maximum residue limit (MRL) for residues of quinolone. A total of 6 (0.9%) samples were above the MRL for TC. The samples were from Pulau Pinang, Terengganu and Kelantan. Among those tested in compliance, the main analytes found for TC and quinolone werechlortetracyclines (CTC), enrofloxacin and mixture of chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC). No samples were found to contain sulfonamides residues.