Synthetic dye is produced by chemical compound that can be harmful to living microorganisms and human. Textile dye industry is inadequate dye effluent to the environment that can lead to water pollution. Therefore, the  releasing dye effluent should be minimized. Eggshell and peanut shell adsorbent are recycled from solid agro-waste and household food waste. They are wildly used in adsorption process to dye effluent before releasing into natural water bodies. However, the toxic reduction of dye after dye removal is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of eosin dye and its removal by adsorbent. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of dye is evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The results showed that the dye after removal by eggshell had the lower mortality rate when compared to those of eosin dye and penut shell adsorption. The histopathological lesions such as abnormal appearance of enterocyte, blebing cell and coagulation necrosis were found. Therefore, these bio-natural adsorbents might be the alternative substances for the adsorption process in wastewater treatment and they might decrease the toxicity of dye pollution.

Over the last years a growing demand for ratite meat, including ostrich, emu, and rhea has been observed in the world. Ratite meat is recognised as a dietetic product because of low level of fat, high share of PUFA, favourable n6/n3 ratio, and higher amounts of iron content in comparison with beef and chicken meat. The abundance of bioactive compounds, e.g. PUFA, makes ratite meat highly susceptible to oxidation processes. Moreover, pH over 6 creates favourable environment for fast microbial growth during storage conditions affecting its shelf life. However, availability of information on ratite meat shelf life among consumers and industry is still limited. Thus, the aim of the present review is to provide current information about the effect of ratite meat packaging type, i.e. air packaging, vacuum packaging with skin pack, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), on its shelf life quality during storage, including technological and nutritional properties.

Objective—To assess validity and reliability for a visual analogue scale (VAS) used by owners to measure chronic pain in their osteoarthritic dogs. Sample—68, 61, and 34 owners who completed a questionnaire. Procedures—Owners answered questionnaires at 5 time points. Criterion validity of the VAS was evaluated for all dogs in the intended-to-treat population by correlating scores for the VAS with scores for the validated Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI) and a relative quality-of-life scale. Intraclass correlation was used to assess repeatability of the pain VAS at 2 baseline evaluations. To determine sensitivity to change and face validity of the VAS, 2 blinded, randomized control groups (17 dogs receiving carprofen and 17 receiving a placebo) were analyzed over time. Results—Significant correlations existed between the VAS score and the quality-of-life scale and HCPI scores. Intraclass coefficient (r = 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.82) for the VAS indicated good repeatability. In the carprofen and placebo groups, there was poor correlation between the 2 pain evaluation methods (VAS and HCPI items) at the baseline evaluation, but the correlation improved in the carprofen group over time. No correlation was detected for the placebo group over time. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although valid and reliable, the pain VAS was a poor tool for untrained owners because of poor face validity (ie, owners could not recognize their dogs' behavior as signs of pain). Only after owners had seen pain diminish and then return (after starting and discontinuing NSAID use) did the VAS have face validity.