Mycoplasma bovis is known as a causative agent of many disorders in cattle. In Europe, there is still a lack of commercial vaccines against M. bovis infection. Acute phase response (APR) is a non-specific host reaction to infection, most seen in changes in production of acute phase proteins. The aim of this study was to analyse APR in calves administered with an experimental M. bovis vaccine. Twelve healthy female calves were divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. The experimental vaccine containing the field M. bovis strain and two adjuvants such as saponin and lysozyme dimer was subcutaneously administered to the experimental group. Phosphate buffered saline was taken as the placebo and given to the control group by the same route as the vaccine. Blood samples were collected prior to the study (day 0), then daily up to day 7, and then each seven days until day 84 post vaccination. The concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and inteleukin-4 (IL-4) were determined using commercial ELISA kits. Following the vaccination, a significant increase in SAA, Hp, and IFN-γ concentrations was observed when compared to the unvaccinated calves, whereas the IL-4 concentration was not detectable. The experimental saponin-based M. bovis vaccine containing lysozyme dimer adjuvant visibly stimulated the APR in the calves, and some specific cytokines (Th1-dependent) directly involved in this response.

Vaccination against Equine influenza virus (EIV) is necessary to minimize and prevent spreading of the disease. There are many types of natural and synthetic adjuvants which can improve the efficacy of animal vaccines, such as aluminum compounds, emulsions, saponins, and carbomer. The current study was carried out to compare inactivated Equine influenza vaccines containing carbomer as an adjuvant in concentrations of 0.25% and 0.50% (formula 2&3) with an inactivated vaccine containing a combination of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin as a conventional adjuvant (formula 1). The potency of the different vaccine formulations was tested in groups of guinea pigs. The mean HI- antibodies titer 3 weeks post inoculation of group (A) with formula-1, group (B) with formula-2 and group (C) with formula-3 were 9.2 log2, 10.4 log2 and 10.6 log2. All formulae were potent with higher HI antibodies in group B compared to group A. Groups B and C had nearly the same results. Stability testing of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) proved that both formulae were potent and stable at 40C for two years. Seroconversion of the prepared vaccines (formula 1&2) in horses revealed that EI vaccine adjuvanted with carbomer induced higher HI-antibodies titer as well as longer lasting immune response in horses than those induced by combination of aluminum hydroxide gel & saponin.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p less than 0.05) and Rd (p less than 0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p less than 0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p less than 0.05).