A study was carried out in pregnant sows with iron supplementation to assess the hematological variables as well as prevalence of stillbirth condition in the litter. A total of 12 pregnant sows of Large White Yorkshire were selected and divided into two groups under this study. Blood samples were collected at three different intervals during  pregnancy  and  after  farrowing.  The  first blood  collection  was  carried  out before administering iron injection and parentral iron supplementation (2000 mg intramuscularly) was done at 15 days interval. The second collection of blood was done after treatment just before farrowing. The third collection of blood was done at three weeks immediately after farrowing and the samples were analyzed by using auto analyser. The occurrence of stillbirth and total number of live piglets born were calculated during the farrowing. The variability in hematologic parameter and still birth condition of sows were analyzed by standard statistical method. The average value of heme protein concentration in sow was 11.52 gm /dl prior to farrowing. The litter size of 9.83 (0.87) and 0.33 (0.21) were achieved with respective of piglets born and stillborn piglets in iron supplemented group. Though the occurrence of still born condition between treated and control group did not differ significantly but had significant effect on total born piglets between groups.

One hundred and sixteen cattle sera were randomly selected from 17
farms in five different states of Malaysia (Perak, Terengganu, Johor, Melaka and Sabah). All serum samples were tested by Indirect Flourescent Antibody Test (IFAT) using specific conjugates (from MRD). The results showed that only 2.6% were positive for Toxoplasma gondii.

Abortifacient pathogens such as bacterial [Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Leptospira interrogans ser., Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp.], mycotic [Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp.], protozoan [Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp.], and viral [Blue tongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)] pathogens are challenges for the productive and reproductive performance of ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. No comprehensive report on epidemiology, associated risk factors, or economic burden of these infectious pathogens is available for Nigeria. This review estimated the distribution and burden of abortive pathogens in ruminants in Nigeria for the last twenty-two years (2000-2022). Research articles reporting the detection of any of the above-mentioned abortive pathogens in ready-to-slaughter ruminants (RTSR), sick ruminants (SR), and ruminants with abortive history (RWAH) in Nigeria were accessed using different repositories, including Google Scholar, Proquest, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus to determine the prevalence, spatial distribution, and associated risk factors. From a total of 140 articles selected for this review, eight bacterial, four viral, two parasitic, and two mycotic infectious agents were reported for Nigeria. This study reveals a prevalence of 28.2% viral agents, 14.43% bacterial pathogens, 14.24% protozoans, and 28.1% fungal agents in the reported tested samples. Brucellosis was the most often reported among bacterial diseases, followed by leptospirosis and listeriosis. PPRV infection was the most common viral disease, followed by BTV. Additionally, two parasitic diseases, neosporosis and toxoplasmosis, and two mycotic diseases, aspergillosis and candidiasis, were reported. In this study, stillbirth and abortion were recorded in 49.2% of sheep with PPRV, 58.95% in goats with Chlamydophila abortus and PPRV, and 6.4% in cattle with Brucella abortus and Histophilus somni infections. Lack of vaccines, open markets, and extensive husbandry systems were among the risk factors associated with different abortive pathogens. This study is a useful tool for researchers and government officers in risk assessment and management of livestock to improve livestock production in Nigeria