Introduction: Ostrich characteristics include fast running, of which the probable enablers have been studied. Yet little research has taken place on one anatomical feature. It is mainly the special integuments on the ostrich foot which facilitate fast running on sand, because as point of direct sand contact they bear the whole weight and provide all the forward force. This study elucidates aspects of the integuments.Material and Methods: A stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and confocal scanning laser microscope were used to observe these integuments. Their surface structure was shown accurately in photographs. An SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to check element contents of the upper and bottom areas and those on the lateral area of the 3ʳᵈ toe.Results: The content of some chemical elements on the upper area (Mg 2.04%, Si 0.18%, P 1.97%, Ca 0.59%, and S 0.69%) was higher than that of the bottom area (Mg 0.14%, Si 0.09%, P 0.10%, Ca 0.28%, and S 0.90%). Zinc was the particular element on the upper area, while sodium, chlorine, and potassium were the specific elements on the bottom area. The parts which must withstand different frictions contained different chemical compounds.Conclusion: The microscopic plane with layer-like structure and stripes may contribute to the wear-resistance of the papillae. The polygonal and prism structures are helpful to fix papillae in a firmer way.

The macroscopic features of the venous drainage of the reproductive system of the male ostrich were studied in six pre-pubertal and three sexually mature and active birds. Each testis was drained by one to four testicular veins. The right testicular veins drained the right testis and epididymis and its appendix to the caudal vena cava and to the right common iliac vein, whereas the left testicular veins drained the left testis and epididymis and its appendix exclusively to the left common iliac vein. A number of variations in the drainage pattern based on the point of entry and number of testicular veins were observed. The cranial aspect of the testis was also linked to the caudal vena cava or common iliac vein via the adrenal veins. The cranial, middle and caudal segments of the ductus deferens (and ureter) were drained by the cranial, middle and caudal ureterodeferential veins respectively, to the caudal testicular veins, the caudal renal veins and pudendal/caudal part of the internal iliac veins. In some specimens, the caudal ureterodeferential veins also drained into the caudal mesenteric vein. The surface of the phallus was drained by tributaries of the pudendal vein. The basic pattern of venous drainage of the reproductive organs of the male ostrich was generally similar to that described for the domestic fowl. However, important differences, including the partial fusion of the caudal renal veins, drainage of the cranial aspect of the testes via the adrenal veins, drainage of the caudal ureterodeferential veins into the caudal mesenteric vein and the presence of veins draining the surface of the phallus, were observed. Although significant, these differences may simply reflect variations in the normal pattern of venous drainage of the reproductive tract of birds which could be verified by studying more specimens and more species.

<p>A ave avestruz (<em>Struchio camelus</em>) é originária da África, pertencendo a família das Ratitas. Seu valor zootécnico vem crescendo especialmente na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para a realização deste trabalho, utilizamos 20 peças de avestruz (<em>Struthio camelus</em>), machos e fêmeas, jovens e adultos, oriundos de criatórios da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Após a abertura do trato gastrintestinal, ao longo da sua margem livre, escoamos as vias bilíferas mediante suaves massagens, canalizamos o ducto excretor, utilizando para tanto uma sonda flexível de polietileno de calibre compatível com a mencionada estrutura e, em seguida, injetamos por esta via Neoprene-látex “450” corado. Estas glândulas foram, a seguir, distendidas em base rígida, fixadas em solução de formol a 10%, esquematizadas e fotografadas. O ramo principal direito resulta do ramo lateral direito, ramo lobo quadrado e do ramo processo caudado em sete fígados. Em 13 peças, o ramo lateral direito é formado pelos ramos lateral direito e do processo caudado. O ramo esquerdo recebe os componentes oriundos do lobo lateral esquerdo e ramo do lobo medial esquerdo em todas as sete peças. Para ele, também aflui componente oriundo do lobo quadrado em 13 preparações e do processo caudado em sete fígados. Conclui-se que o fígado no avestruz não apresenta vesícula biliar, fazendo com que o ducto colédoco seja a única via de excreção da bile, resultando sempre da convergência do ducto hepático direito com o ducto hepático esquerdo.</p> | <p>The aim of this study was evaluate the influence of physical exercise (marcha gait) on serum values of CK and AST The Ostrich (<em>Struthio camelus</em>) is originally from Africa and belongs to the ratite’s family. Since its zootechnic value has been increasing, especially in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo, we studied the biliary system in the liver of this animal. To carry through it were used 20 ostrich livers, males and females, young and adults from place to production ostrich in the northwest region of the State of São Paulo. After the opening of the gastrointestinal tract and disposal of the bile through gentle massage, we cannulated the hepatic excretory duct with a flexible probe, compatible in size with the duct, and injected colored Neoprene latex “450” in the biliary system. Following this procedure, the livers were fixed in aqueous solution of formaldehyde to 10% dissected, schematized and photographed. The right main branch is derived from the right lateral, square lobe and the caudate process branches in 7 livers. In 13 livers, the right side branch is forned by the right side and caudate process branches. The left branch receives the components from the left lateral lobe and branch of the medial left lobe in 7 livers. It also receives component from the square lobe and from the caudate process in 13 and 7 livers, respectively. In conclusion, the ostrich liver has no gallbladder, causing the duct is the only route of excretion of bile, always resulting from the convergence of the right hepatic duct with the left hepatic duct.</p>

A ave avestruz (Struchio camelus) é originária da África, pertencendo a família das Ratitas. Seu valor zootécnico vem crescendo especialmente na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para a realização deste trabalho, utilizamos 20 peças de avestruz (Struthio camelus), machos e fêmeas, jovens e adultos, oriundos de criatórios da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Após a abertura do trato gastrintestinal, ao longo da sua margem livre, escoamos as vias bilíferas mediante suaves massagens, canalizamos o ducto excretor, utilizando para tanto uma sonda flexível de polietileno de calibre compatível com a mencionada estrutura e, em seguida, injetamos por esta via Neoprene-látex “450” corado. Estas glândulas foram, a seguir, distendidas em base rígida, fixadas em solução de formol a 10%, esquematizadas e fotografadas. O ramo principal direito resulta do ramo lateral direito, ramo lobo quadrado e do ramo processo caudado em sete fígados. Em 13 peças, o ramo lateral direito é formado pelos ramos lateral direito e do processo caudado. O ramo esquerdo recebe os componentes oriundos do lobo lateral esquerdo e ramo do lobo medial esquerdo em todas as sete peças. Para ele, também aflui componente oriundo do lobo quadrado em 13 preparações e do processo caudado em sete fígados. Conclui-se que o fígado no avestruz não apresenta vesícula biliar, fazendo com que o ducto colédoco seja a única via de excreção da bile, resultando sempre da convergência do ducto hepático direito com o ducto hepático esquerdo.