In this study, two methods for determination of formalin amount were applied on samples of inactivated vaccines representing local or foreign companies. The first method; matching method was conducted by using phenyl hydrazine while in the other method is; spectrophotometry phloroglucinol was used. Spectrophotometrical method was found more sensitive and more accurate than the matching one. At the same time, the spectrophotometry method could be used for determination of formalin in all inactivated vaccines either bacterial or viral vaccines.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ticks infesting cattle and seroprevalence of Theileria annulata antibodies in White Nile State, Sudan between March to June 2012. Ticks, blood smears (n=105) and serum samples (n=82) were collected from Rabak, Kosti, El Dowaim, El Getaina, El Jabalain, Kenana and El Gezira Aba. Three tick genera and eleven species were identified. The genera belong to Amblyomma, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The species were A. lepidum (810), A. variegatum (7), H. impeltatum (189), H. truncatum (78), H. anatolicum (255), H. dromedarii (19), H. rufipes (338), R. (Boophilus) decoloratus (54), R. (B.) annulatus (56), R. evertsi evertsi (476) and R. sanguineus group (60). Out of 105 blood smears, 7 (6.7%) were positive for Theileria spp. piroplasms, whereas in ELISA, out of 82 serum samples, 50 (61%) were positive for T. annulata antibodies. It is concluded that there are three tick genera and eleven species infesting cattle in White Nile State and the high prevalence T. annulata antibodies indicates that tropical theileriosis is endemic in the region. Prevalence of Amblyomma spp. implying that heartwater may be endemic in the area.

Hyalomma ticks of either sex were collected from the apparently healthy cross-bred cattle. The ticks were dissected and their salivary glands were stained by methyl green pyronin stain for the detection of Theileria annulata sporozoite in their salivary glands. The prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in Hyalomma ticks was found to be 21.5%. No correlation was found between parasitemia of cattle and tick infection rate.