BACKGROUND: Reducing the protein and amino acid content of diet or altering the dietary electrolyte balance were suggested as the effective strategies to prevent the harmful effects of the heat stress in poultry.OBJECTIVES: This study surveyed the effects of various levels of threonine and dietary cation-anion balance on the broiler chickens under the heat stress conditions.METHODS: 700 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were used for 6 weeks under high- temperature conditions. This experiment was conducted using a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, with 7 treatments (5 replicates per treatment and 20 birds per replicate). Experimental factors included two threonine concentrations (recommended level and 10 % above recommended level) and three dietary electrolyte balances (175, 250, and 325 mEq/kg). The control group considered the treatment with a normal threonine concentration (recommended level) and a dietary electrolyte balance of 250 mEq/kg under optimal temperature conditions.RESULTS: Although there was no interaction between threonine level and electrolyte balance, the electrolyte balance of 175 meq/kg increased the performance index compared to the electrolyte balance of 250 or 325 mEq/kg (P<0.05). The villus height to crypt depth ratio and villus surface area in the jejunum improved with an electrolyte balance of 175 or 250 mEq/kg (P<0.05). A decrease in the dietary electrolyte balance increased in the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (P<0.05). Besides, an increase in the population of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the cecum, as well as an increase in protein digestibility, were observed by increasing levels of threonine in the diet (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, a high level of threonine or a low electrolyte balance in diet (175 mEq/kg) may improve the performance, metabolizable energy, and intestinal microbial flora of broilers reared under heat stress.

The lack of proofreading activity of the viral polymerase and the segmented nature of the influenza A virus (IAV) genome are responsible for the genetic diversity of IAVs and for their ability to adapt to a new host. We tried to adapt avian IAV (avIAV) to the pig by serial passages in vivo and assessed the occurrence of point mutations and their influence on viral fitness in the pig’s body. A total of 25 in vivo avIAV passages of the A/duck/Bavaria/77 strain were performed by inoculation of 50 piglets, and after predetermined numbers of passages 20 uninoculated piglets were exposed to the virus through contact with inoculated animals. Clinical signs of swine influenza were assessed daily. Nasal swabs and lung tissue were used to detect IAV RNA by real-time RT-PCR and isolates from selected passages were sequenced. Apart from a rise in rectal temperature and a sporadic cough, no typical clinical signs were observed in infected pigs. The original strain required 20 passages to improve its replication ability noticeably. A total of 29 amino-acid substitutions were identified. Eighteen of them were detected in the first sequenced isolate, of which 16 were also in all other analysed strains. Additional mutations were detected with more passages. One substitution, threonine (T) 135 to serine (S) in neuraminidase (NA), was only detected in an IAV isolate from a contact-exposed piglet. Passaging 25 times allowed us to obtain a partially swine-adapted IAV. The improvement in isolate replication ability was most likely related to S654 to glycine (G) substitution in the basic protein (PB) 1 as well as to aspartic acid (D) 701 to asparagine (N) and arginine (R) 477 to G in PB2, glutamic acid (E) 204 to D and G239E in haemagglutinin and T135S in NA.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in ovo injection of L-threonine (L-Thr) on hatchability, growth performance, antioxidant capacity, carcass traits, immune organs weight, and intestinal histomorphology of Ross 308 broilers chicks. On day 18 of incubation, 258 fertile eggs were randomly allotted into 3 sets: non-injected group (NC group), saline injected group (sham control SC group), and (Thr group) L-Thr injected group. After hatch, each set was allocated into 2 groups (3 replicates of 10 birds/ replicate) and were fed on a basal diet (calculated Thr content, 0.87 %) supplemented with 0 (CON group), and 3 g/kg L-Thr, respectively. The groups were divided as follows: G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 where G1 is non injected group and fed basal diet, G2 saline injected and fed basal diet, G3 threonine injected and fed basal diet, G4 non injected and fed threonine supplemented diet, G5 saline injected and fed threonine supplemented diet and G6 threonine injected and fed threonine supplemented diet. Growth performance parameters were measured during different periods of the trial. At the end of rearing period serum antioxidative parameters (SOD and MDA) were measured, carcass traits and relative immune organs weight were calculated, in addition to intestinal histomorphology. Addition of Thr positively affected the FCR, and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to sham and control (p < 0.05) groups. Dietary Thr supplementation increased relative weight of spleen and thymus compared to the control non supplemented group and improved intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, in ovo injection and dietary supplementation of L-Thr can improve growth performance, immunity of broiler chickens that may be mediated by the development of immune organs and improving the intestinal morphology of broilers as demonstrated by higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the postprandial nutrient profiles of exercise-conditioned dogs fed a supplemental carbohydrate and protein bar with or without astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis immediately after exercise. ANIMALS 34 exercise-conditioned adult Husky-Pointer dogs. PROCEDURES The study had 2 phases. During phase 1, postprandial plasma glucose concentration was determined for dogs fed a bar containing 25% protein and 18.5% or 37.4% maltodextrin plus dextrin (rapidly digestible carbohydrate; RDC), or dry kibble (30% protein and 0% RDC) immediately after exercise. During phase 2, dogs were exercised for 3 days and fed a bar (25% protein and 37.4% RDC) with (CPA; n = 8) or without (CP; 8) astaxanthin or no bar (control; 8) immediately after exercise. Pre- and postexercise concentrations of plasma biochemical analytes and serum amino acids were determined on days 1 and 3. RESULTS Phase 1 postexercise glucose concentration was increased when dogs were provided the 37.4% RDC bar, but not 0% or 18.5% RDC. On day 3 of phase 2, the CPA group had the highest pre-exercise triglyceride concentration and significantly less decline in postexercise glucose concentration than did the CP and control groups. Mean glucose concentration for the CP and CPA groups was significantly higher than that for the control group between 15 and 60 minutes after bar consumption. Compared to immediately after exercise, branched-chain amino acid, tryptophan, leucine, and threonine concentrations 15 minutes after exercise were significantly higher for the CP and CPA groups, but were lower for the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs fed a bar with 37.4% RDCs and 25% protein immediately after exercise had increased blood nutrient concentrations for glycogen and protein synthesis, compared with control dogs.

Concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of 13 neonatal foals with septicemia were compared with the concentrations of amino acids in the plasma of 13 age-matched neonatal foals without septicemia. Analysis of the results revealed significantly lower concentrations of arginine, citrulline, isoleucine, proline, threonine, and valine in the plasma of foals with septicemia. The ratio of the plasma concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) to the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), was also significantly lower in the foals with septicemia. In addition, the concentrations of alanine, glycine, and phenylalanine were significantly higher in the plasma of foals with septicemia. Therefore, neonatal foals with septicemia had significant differences in the concentrations of several amino acids in their plasma, compared with concentrations from healthy foals. These differences were compatible with protein calorie inadequacy and may be related to an alteration in the intake, production, use, or clearance of amino acids from the plasma pool in sepsis.

In the conditions of the Republic of Belarus there was showed the possibility of import substitution of methionine and threonine preparations used for growing poultry birds by a new national developed in Belarus fodder additive L-homoserine. The chemical composition of the new feed additive L-homoserine is the following: amino acid L-homoserine; metabolizable energy; crude protein; crude fat; vitamins (B1; B2; B3; betaine; B5; B6; Bc); macro and trace elements (calcium; phosphorous; natrium; manganese; zinc; iron; copper). In course of the study there was analyzed the dynamics of body weight of broiler chickens; expenses of fodders per live weight gain; dynamics of body weight of replacement growing birds; indexes of second pen-feathers; dimensions of combs). Research results showed that addition of L-homoserine for broiler chickens diets was safe and nontoxic; the preparation showed the same growth promoting indexes as the foreign methionine and threonine preparations.