Colony hybridizations with DNA probes for 3 heat-stable (STaP, STaH, and STb) enterotoxins and 1 heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin and for 4 adhesins (K99, F41, K88, 987P) were performed on 870 Escherichia coli isolates to determine pathotypes prevalent among enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) isolated from cattle in Belgium. One hundred thirty-two E coli isolates (15.2%) hybridized with probes STaP, K99, and/or F41. The 5 other probes were not hybridized by E coli isolates. Therefore, only STaP enterotoxin and K99 and F41 adhesins were virulence factors of ETEC isolated from cattle. Two major pathotypes accounted for 95% of the ETEC: STaP+K99+F41+ (67.4%) and STaP+K99+ (27.3%). The last 5% of probe-positive isolates had STaP+, STaP+F41+, or K99+F41+ minor pathotypes. Of 12 American ETEC isolates also assayed, 7 were positive with STb and/or 987P probes (pathotypes STaP+STb+,STaP+ 987P+, or STaP+STb+987P+) and may be porcine- rather than bovine-specific enteropathogens. The remaining 5 American ETEC isolates belonged to 3 minor pathotypes (STaP+,STaP+F41+, and K99+F41+) also found among Belgian E coli isolates. Such isolates may be derivatives of STaP+K99+F41+ or STaP+K99+ ETEC after in vivo or in vitro loss of virulence genes and/or non-ETEC isolates, which have acquired virulence genes by in vivo transfer.

Streptococcal species isolated from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were obtained from mastitis research workers in Florida, Louisiana, New York, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia. Seventy-one streptococcal isolates were tested, including 39 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, 21 strains of S dysgalactiae, and 11 strains of S uberis. The minimal inhibitory concentration of erythromycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined for each isolate. Differences were not detected among strains with respect to geographic origin. None of the strains was resistant to penicillin. Lincomycin was the next most effective antimicrobial, with only 2 resistant strains of each streptococcal species. There were no differences among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to either penicillin or lincomycin. Streptococcus uberis was more likely to be resistant to erythromycin than were S agalactiae and S dysgalactiae (P < 0.02). Streptococcus agalactiae and S uberis had similar distributions for resistance to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, spectinomycin, and streptomycin. Strains of S dysgalactiae were more likely to have intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline and streptomycin than were strains of S agalactiae and S uberis, which were highly resistant to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (P < 0.001). Differences were not detected among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to spectinomycin. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was observed in all streptococcal species tested. Although S dysgalactiae appeared to have a greater percentage of strains (73%) that were resistant to multiple antimicrobials than did S agalactiae (31%) or S uberis (45%), differences were not statistically significant.

Swine herds suspected to be infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava were vaccinated with bacterins containing 5 or 6 leptospiral serovars in which serovar bratislava was the unique component. The principal diagnostic feature indicating an infection by this organism was demonstration of antibody against serovar bratislava in sera from stillborn pigs. For 1 breeding cycle after vaccination of herds on 3 farms, 255 of 266 (95.9%) sows and gilts given the 6-serovar bacterin farrowed. In contrast, 233 of 311 (74.9%) sows and gilts given the 5-serovar bacterin farrowed. These results, as evaluated by analysis of variance techniques, showed a significant improvement (P less than 0.01) in reproductive performance for groups vaccinated against serovar bratislava.

The association between ocular squamous cell tumors and various measures of solar radiation was evaluated for 2,775 contemporaneous Hereford cattle. The animals were from 34 herds located in 21 states in the United States and in one Canadian province. Examinations and photographs were made of the eyes of all cows and heifers in a herd; 33 herds were examined between June and August 1957 and 1 herd was examined in 1958. Solar radiation was measured by altitude and mean annual hours of sunshine applying to an individual herd, and global radiation, a cloudiness index, and elevation of nearby National Weather Service stations. All measures of solar radiation provided evidence of a significant association between increasing risks of developing cancer eye and increasing levels of radiation; adjustments were made for possible confounding effects of age and corneoscleral pigmentation. Associations were evident whether affliction was defined as the occurrence of any type of tumor (ie, plaque, papilloma, or carcinoma), or as the occurrence of only papilloma or carcinoma. Average ages of affected cattle also tended to be lower at high radiation levels than at low levels, further supporting the hypothesis that solar radiation has an important role in the development of this disease. In view of the heritability of eye pigmentation and its inhibitory effect on lesions, cancer eye may be controlled by selective breeding for increased pigmentation in and around the eye to afford protection against the harmful effects of incident UV radiation.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. The disease is clinically similar to other forms of porcine gastroenteritis. Pigs are the only known host of the disease, and the occurrence of PED in wild boars is unknown. The virus causes acute diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in suckling piglets reaching 100%. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The loss in the US pig industry has been estimated at almost seven million pigs. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. The disease is clinically similar to other forms of porcine gastroenteritis. Pigs are the only known host of the disease, and the occurrence of PED in wild boars is unknown. The virus causes acute diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in suckling piglets reaching 100%. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The loss in the US pig industry has been estimated at almost seven million pigs. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA.

In this study a total of 200 stray dogs housed in Safe Harbor Animal Rescue and Clinic (SHARC), South Florida, USA were clinically and parasitologically examined for intestinal helminthes. In this investigation, dogs were clinically examined and monitored for intestinal parasites for 6 successive weeks, treated with specific drugs and investigated for the possibility of reinfestation with intestinal parasites within the closed quarters of the animal shelter environment. Fecal floatation technique revealed three types of parasitic eggs in fecal samples of 46 (23%) dogs, including Ankylostoma spp. 30 (15%), Toxocara canis 10 (3.5%), and Dipylidium caninum 6 (3%). Clinical examination of investigated dogs revealed bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, anemia, poor hair coat and the presence of segments of tapeworms approximately in the size of grain of rice in the feces of some dogs. Some dogs showed frequent cough. Some dogs that were tested negative for Ankylostoma spp. and Toxocara canis tested positive later indicating definite contamination in the environment of the shelter. Some dogs developed tapeworm infestation during this study indicting the presence of infective flees in contact dogs. Control measures and therapy were discussed.

Genotypes and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) field isolates from Japan, Germany and the United States of America (USA) were identified, and the prevalent pattern of BVDV in individual countries was estimated genetically. Subgenotypes were determined based on phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences of a part of the E2-coding gene of BVDV. Forty-five, 61 and 56 BVDV strains were isolated from naturally infected cattle in Japan, Germany and USA, respectively, between 1980 and 2003. The most prevalent BVDV in these three countries was BVDV - 1b. The second most prevalent BVDV strains were 1a, 1d and BVDV - 2 in Japan, Germany and USA, respectively. The most prevalent subgenotype 1b in each country constructed individual small clusters in the subgenotype 1b branch in the phylogenetic tree. Although cattle and/or cattle products were moving among the three countries as part of international trade, the distribution of BVDV in the field in each country showed long-standing individual patterns.