Since the invention of laser in 1960, lasers have been developed and approved in many fields. Lasers can now be regarded as practical tools with unique properties that have been utilized effectively in several applications in fields of medical and biological sciences. six bacterial isolates were isolated from human samples of diabetic foot infections, which used for preparation of vaccines. The experiment was conducted on fifteen adult male rabbits, they were divided into three groups with 5 rabbits each. After irradiation of the bacterial suspensions with the diode laser for different exposure times and different frequencies, and the wavelengths used were (660, 820, 915 ) nm, the growth of bacterial isolates decreased until killed of bacteria at ( 40) min. The aim of the current study was to preparation of vaccines (live attenuated and killed) by irradiation of the bacteria by the low level diode laser. Wavelength (660) nm was more effective in killing the bacteria, and the variations were not significant between the live attenuated and the killed vaccine

Proteins are very important molecules as therapeutics. They have several advantages over small molecule drugs but their use is limited by their circulation short half life, immunogenicity and physicochemical instability. Several approaches have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics of proteins. One that is clinically proven is the covalent conjugation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) to the protein. This is known as PEGylation. Problems associated with PEGylation include product heterogenicity and low conjugation efficiency. A new approach is applied in this study which is site-specific PEGylation and it is called disulfide bridging PEGylation. The main principle is to reduce a native disulfide bond in the protein molecule followed by PEGylation using a bis-alkylation PEG reagent that can insert a three carbon bridge that connects to the two sulphur that had formed the disulfide. In this study controlled reduction and disulfide bridging PEGylation of transferrin (which has 19 disulfides some that are close to the surface and are accessible) was conducted. For transferrin (Tf) partial reduction was achieved using (0.5 mM) DTT which is considered to be mild reducing conditions. No denaturant was required for the partial reduction of transferrin. Mono-PEGylation was achieved with a small amount of di-PEGylation being observed. Holo-Tf (which is Tf bound to iron) and apo-Tf (which is Tf iron free) were compared to see if bounded iron had any effect on protein conformation that could influence disulfide reduction or PEGylation. Both forms of Tf give the same results by Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) indicating that iron had no effect. Using higher equivalents of the PEG reagent was unnecessary; we obtained good mono-PEGylation 198 by adding 2 equivalents of PEG to the protein. The results approved by Size exclusion chromatography –High performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis. These results demonstrate the possibility of controlled reduction of multiple disulfide proteins under mild conditions which may improve the stability, prolong the half life and improve pharmacokinetics of Tf to present it as medicine

Esophagus of geese was tubular organ situated at right side of the body. it was divided into, cervical and thoracic part, the cervical part longer than thoracic part. The length of cervical part ,crop, thoracic part were recorded and the mean and S.D. was founded: 16. 4,1 .35cm;7.3,1.06cm;3.83,0.57cm respectively. The crop was merely enlargement fusiform in shape which located at the entrance of the thorax. The esophagus parts showed that composed of four layer, the mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular and serosa. The mucosal layer was thickened in the thoracic part than the crop and constituted by thick nonkertenized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria and mucous glandsThe mucous glands and nodular lymphatic tissues in was rich in thoracic part. The sub mucous layer was no evidence and composed of loose connective tissues, the muscular layer constituted by circular inner and longitudinal extra.Serosa layer composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibrous.

Experimentally red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) extract had been used to stain different types of parasites Lecithochirium acutum (Trematoda), Taenia spp.Dipylidium caninum and cysticercus cyst for Taenia spp. (Cestoda), Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis (Nematoda) and Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis (Acanthocephala). Stained helminthes were acquired a good pigmentation with distinction their internal structure, fish's Trematoda Lecithochirium acutum appear well –defined of its internal structure, the oral and ventral sucker, cirrus sac, uterus, testes, ovary and vitallaria were appeared pink in color. The whole of mature and gravid segments of Taenia spp. were acquired the yellow to brown colour in both cirrus sac and vas deference besides differentiation of eggs in gravid segment, Scolex of Taenia spp. get brown in color.in addition segment of Dipylidiun caninum acquired yellow colour. The cysticercus cyst was taken pink in color with distinguish of its hooks, while both Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis and Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis were appear pink to red in colour

A total of 200 samples of raw milk (100 cow milk and 100 buffaloe milk) were collected from different markets in Basrah city and were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus . Results indicate that this bacterium was observed in 28.5% of total samples (30% of cow milk and 27% of buffalo milk) Enterotoxin genes (Sea-See) were investigated using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene ( Sec ) was detected in 24.56% of the S. aureus isolates , while none of the S. aureus isolates harbouring Sea, Seb,Sed or See genes.

The objective of this study was to investigate infectious keratoconjunctivitis in local buffaloes breed in Mosul (Mosul-Iraq). The study was conducted on (360) local buffaloes breed of different ages and both sexes. Animals were belong to different privet farms in Mosul area, and reared indoor or grazed during the day light. Result revealed that out of (360) animals, (80) animals have been exhibited the clinical sings of keratoconjusnctivitis, with a prevalence rate of (22.2%). Diseased animals show sings of, conjunctival hyperemia, serious, mucoid and/or purulent ocular secretions, photophobia, blepherospasim, congregation of flies on the eyes, edematous eyes anxiety, and corneal opacity. Results were also indicated different causative agents which were responsible for the disease, Morexella spp., Corynebacterium spp., Listeria spp and E.coli. being the most important and common isolated, moreover Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Niesseria spp. Actinobacillus spp., Klebseilla spp., and Proteus spp., were also detected.

A study was carried out on Ovine Anaplasmosis in the Sulaimani province of Iraq from September to December2007. Five hundred thin blood smears were prepared form Peripheral blood of sheep in 10 different localities and stained by Giemsa. The prevalence of Anaplasma Ovis was 24 (4.8%) and the rate was highest 8.8% was among animals above 3 years. The infected animal showed mild fever, hyperpnoea and tachycardia. Hematological values of the infected sheep was as follows: Packed cell volume 22 ± 4.75 % , erythrocyte count 6.42 ± 1.35 ×106/ μl , hemoglobin concentration 6.95 ± 1.28 g/dl , mean corpuscular volume 35.5 ± 5.85/ fl , mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration 11..04 ± 2.42/ pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31.62 ± 6.62 g/dl and WBCs 11.15 ± 2.18× 10³ /μl , serum protein value 5.875 ± 0.801 mg/dl, serum calcium 8.341± 1.029 mg/dl, conjugate serum bilirubin 0.85 ± 0.314 mg/dl and serum cholesterol 57.291 ± 6.153 mg/dl.

he present study was planned to determine serum Micro mineral status (copper and zinc) of the sheep grown up in Thi_Qar villages .The serum copper &zinc values of the animals were analyzed .with atomic absorption spectrophotometer . The result showed there were non significant differences in all mean serum values of sheep except the mean serum values for animal which showed clinical sings were decrease significantly when compared with other animal which whereby not shown clinical sings .

The objective of the present work was to investigate infectious kerato-conjunctivitis in drought horses in Basrah Province (Basrah-Iraq). The study was conducted on (200) local drought horses (3-10) years old and of both sexes. Animals were brought and examined at the consultant veterinary hospital-college of veterinary medicine-university of Basrah, during the period from July 2007 to June 2008. Result revealed that out of (200) drought horses, (77) animals have been exhibited the clinical sings of keratoconjusnctivitis, with a prevalence rate of (38.5%). Diseased animals show sings of, sever conjunctival hyperemia, serious, mucoid and/or purulent ocular secretions, restless and anxiety, Presence of flies around the eyes, edematous eyes, Photophobia, Blepherospasim, rubbing eyes against hard objects, and corneal opacity. Results were also indicated different causative agents which were responsible for the disease, either in the form of single or mixed infection. Thelazia lacrymalis being the most important nematode detected, moreover Staphylococcus areus, E.coli, Klebseilla spp, Streptococous spp., and pseudomonas arigenosa, were indicated as the main and common bacteria which were isolated from infected eyes of diseased drought horses, Furthermore yeast, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were represent the fungal microorganisms isolated from infected eyes of diseased drought horses. Flies which found congregated around infected eyes were diagnosed as Musca spp.

The aim of the study was to compare the in vitro performance of different acyclovir tablets of the same strength from different companies under different trade names: Acyclovir actavis 400mg tab ,Acic 400mg tab ,and Veramide 400mg tab., and compare with pure acyclovir. The comparison include friability, thickness, and hardness as non official tests, and dissolution and weight variation as official tests. Dissolution test is the most important test in which we can determine the real amount of active ingredient (acyclovir) found in each tablet formulation in addition to the rate of drug release from these formulation . The results reveals that no significant changes observed in thickness, hardness ,and Friability ,all the formulation were found within the limits. The dissolution rate exerts significant differences after 5min, 51.9% of veramide, 76.4% of acyclovir activs, and acic 58.3% in comparison with 88.5% of acyclovir . After 10 min, only the percentage released from acic.( 75.72% ) was significantly differ from reference drug acyclovir 94.5% .While the results of this study showed a significant differences of percentage released after 20 min from veramide ,acyclovir actavis ,and acic are (95.7, 97.2,and 99.1 respectively) in comparison with acyclovir(99.5%). Amount of drug that released after40 min ,the percentage of drug released from all test tablets not significantly differ from that released from acyclovir100%.. Conclusion an attempt was made to compare three acyclovir different forms Acyclovi actavis , Acic ,and Veramide and compare the dissolution rate with standard acyclovir .The results showed a significant decrease in dissolution rate after 5 ,and20 min ,only acic exert a significant reduction after 10 min. All tablets released active ingredient in non significant manner after 40 min . further in vivo studies showed be done to reveal how such results affect the pharmacokinetic of mentioned drugs.