Several physiological variables related to salinity acclimation in Liza abu were examined, using oxygen consumption rate and glucose level as an indication of osmoregulatory energetic. l~'reshwater acclimated I.. aim were transferred to two salinity (7 and 15 g/L) oxygen consumption rates. glucose levels and plasma ion concentrations (Na i. K’) were measured after three days of transfer to higher salinity. Plasma ion concentrations were elevated after transfer. Blood glucose level increased after transfer to salinity 7 g/L while its level decreased in salinity 15 g/L compared to its level in freshwater. Oxygen consumption rate increased one and half time of that in freshwater but no significant difference were noticed in oxygen consumption rates between fish in both salinities (7 and 15 g/L) .'l'he amount of metabolic energy consumed during salinity acclimation were also determined. The result showed that the physiological changes associated with salinity acclimation impose a significant short - term energetic cost.

The chemotherapeutic effects of anti-eestodes drug praziquantel on giardiasis in laboratory mice. Fourty mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Group 1 was infected; group2 was infected and treated orally by giving praziquantel at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as a single dose; group 3 was infected and treated orally by giving metronidazole at a rate of 15-20 mg/kg body weight daily for 7' days; group 4 was uninfected. Cyst excretion rate was recorded for the infected groups of mice. The infected and praziquantel treated mice have recovered much more faster than infected mice and treated by metronidazole. There were no side effects reported. Praziquantel proved for the first time to be an ideal drug for the treatment of giardiasis

Liza aim fish were exposed to different concentrations of the Diazinon pesticide (Organophosphate pestieide)'(diethyl 2—isopropyI -6- methyl -4- pyriinidiny'l phosphoro ~thionate) in the acute exposure (96) hour and chronic exposure (I4) days , l'llSlDptlI.l]0l0glCE1l examination showed the hyperplasia of tl1c gill tissue, some engorgement with blood of the secondary larnellae, epithelial separation . necrosis . clubbing of epithelial cells and fusion of adjacent secondary lamcllae. These changes different according to the pesticide concentration and it's exposure time

Difierent co1icc1)tratio1) ol'rit;1(npin and Ciprotlox'tcin ~vere tested I'or their activities in iil>(~ a Keywords rifampin --- Leishmanicidal --- CL.

A penta-dog inactivated cell culture vaccine was prepared to protect dogs against canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus1, 2 and rabies virus. The potency of this vaccine was compared with that of single inactivated vaccines prepared against each disease, in different groups of susceptible dogs. It was found that the protective dose of penta-dog vaccine (2ml) including the protective amounts of the five viral proteins resulted in full protection of vaccinated dogs against the challenge with virulent strain of the used viruses showing no antagonizing effect between each other with and no adverse postvaccinal reaction. So, the prepared inactivated cell culture penta-dog vaccine is a safe and potent vaccine for dogs which resulted in saving time, cost, and effort stress factors on animals and providing good immune statues.

In this study, two methods for determination of formalin amount were applied on samples of inactivated vaccines representing local or foreign companies. The first method; matching method was conducted by using phenyl hydrazine while in the other method is; spectrophotometry phloroglucinol was used. Spectrophotometrical method was found more sensitive and more accurate than the matching one. At the same time, the spectrophotometry method could be used for determination of formalin in all inactivated vaccines either bacterial or viral vaccines.

The incidence of E. coli O157, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica were studied in some locally produced cheeses. Thirty samples of each kind of the cheese were tested for the presence of some pathogens, which are frequently associated with food born disease. E. coli O157: IMS; Listeria monocytogenes were enumerated on modified Oxford agar; Salmonella was enumerated using standard procedures from Dynal manual using anti-Salmonella antibodies. Y. enterocolitica was enumerated on Yersinia selective agar base. Romano and processed cheese were found to be free from all tested pathogens but Kareish and Feta cheese were found to harbor E. coli and Y. entertocolitica. The results indicated the presence of some food borne pathogens in our food supply. Certain types of locally produced cheese still pose a significant health threat for the consumers. The finding of this study warrant the need for educational programs for dairy producers about the risks associated with consumption of certain cheeses manufactured from raw or insufficiently heated milk.

The anesthetic, biochemical and pathological effects of eugenol were evaluated in the African cat-fish Clarias gariepinus in comparison with MS-222. Aquous exposure of Clarias gariepinus to eugenol at concentration of 62.5 – 250 ) g / ml showed short interval to induction than MS-222. On the other hand, eugenol provided longer time for recovery (8.28 min) at higher concentration (250 )g / ml) than MS-222 (5.26 min) but no differences were observed at lower concentrations between both agents. Mortality rate of 46.5 and 33.3 % was recorded for eugenol and MS-222, respectively at 250 )g / ml. Exposure of fish to 250 )g / ml of eugenol or MS-222 resulted in significant increases in serum levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid and decrease in total protein and albumin. Significant increases in AST, ALT and Ca levels were recorded only on exposure to eugenol 250 )g / ml. Histopathological examinations showed congestion of gill blood vessels, diffuse vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium lining of the secondary lamellae of the gill filaments, degeneration and focal necrosis of renal tubules in kidneys, necrosis and deposition of hemosiderin pigment in the macrophages of spleen which is indicative for hemorrhages and hemolysis as well as mild catarrhal enteritis of intestine of fish groups exposed to 250 ) g / ml of both agents. Moreover, massive fatty and degenerative changes in liver were observed only in fish exposed to 250 )g / ml of eugenol. On the other hand, lower concentrations of both agents did not differ from those of control fish. In conclusion, it appears that eugenol at lower and medium concentrations could produce an anesthesia characterized by rapid induction and rational recovery without significant changes in tissues and blood chemistry. Care should be taken on using high concentrations of eugenol as ventilatory failure may occur

Surgical anesthesia for chclonia (turtle). weighting between 6-10 kg. Was a ehieved with the injectable pentobarbital and ketamine hydrochloride. Induction of duration and recovery of individual turtles. Limited data are available regarding dosages and responses for injectable anesthetics a many reptiles. The varied results using dil’l‘crcnt dosage levels and routes of administration for pentobarbital and ketamine HCl. The purpose of the present study was to report anaesthetic dosages and responses for turtles

A case control study was conducted in Busrah at the period from March to September 2002 . The population included in this study was divided into two groups . The first group was included patents with G6pD deficiency and the second group was included normal individuals as a control group . Stool samples were collected from both groups for bacteriological e.'amination . This study revealed that ; there was an association between G6pD deficiency and Salmonella typhi carrier state and this association was statistically significant in urban rather than rural area .