Objective: The main objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and quantify the active antimicrobial compounds present in the crude aqueous stem bark extract of B. dalzielii using some common pathogenic microorganisms as well as toxicological profile. Material and Methods: Crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (CASEB) was partitioned by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) using chloroform–methanol–water, 8:2:1 (v/v). The resulting bands were extracted using chloroform–methanol (50:50). The extract of each band was evaluated for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans by disc diffusion. Compounds in the most antimicrobially bioactive fraction (MAAF) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicological profile of the CASEB was evaluated by studying its effect in albino Wister rats. Results: PTLC produced five bands/fractions of which the MAAF was identified as RF2-fraction being active against all the isolates except E. coli and K. pneumoniae. HPLC of the MAAF revealed seven components; FT-IR revealed 17 functional groups; GC-MS revealed five compounds of which 93.18% are Oleic acid (44.88%), Squalene (34.16%), and n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.14%). The acute toxicity showed LD50 > 3,000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic toxicity showed that higher doses of the CASEB caused significant changes in liver function indices and a fatty change with lymphocytic infiltration (sign of acute hepatitis) in the liver tissues, but none of these changes were observed in the kidneys. Conclusion: The antimicrobially active compounds in CASEB were Oleic acid, Squalene, and n-Hexadecanoic acid. These can be further purified and used as precursors of new antimicrobial agents for treating infections especially those due to fungi and Pseudomonas spp. that are known to resist wide array of antimicrobial agents. The LD50 of CASEB is >3,000 mg/kg in rats. However, long-term consumption of CASEB is associated with significant liver damage. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(2): 183-192, June 2019

Objective: The main objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and quantify the active antimicrobial compounds present in the crude aqueous stem bark extract of B. dalzielii using some common pathogenic microorganisms as well as toxicological profile. Material and Methods: Crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (CASEB) was par¬titioned by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) using chloroformmethanolwater, 8:2:1 (v/v). The resulting bands were extracted using chloroformmethanol (50:50). The extract of each band was evaluated for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans by disc diffusion. Compounds in the most antimicrobially bioactive fraction (MAAF) were identified by high performance liquid chro¬matography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), and gas chromatogra¬phy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicological profile of the CASEB was evaluated by studying its effect in albino Wister rats. Results: PTLC produced five bands/fractions of which the MAAF was identified as RF2-fraction being active against all the isolates except E. coli and K. pneumoniae. HPLC of the MAAF revealed seven components; FT-IR revealed 17 functional groups; GC-MS revealed five compounds of which 93.18% are Oleic acid (44.88%), Squalene (34.16%), and n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.14%). The acute toxicity showed LD50 > 3,000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic toxicity showed that higher doses of the CASEB caused significant changes in liver function indices and a fatty change with lymphocytic infiltration (sign of acute hepatitis) in the liver tissues, but none of these changes were observed in the kidneys. Conclusion: The antimicrobially active compounds in CASEB were Oleic acid, Squalene, and n-Hexadecanoic acid. These can be further purified and used as precursors of new antimicrobial agents for treating infections especially those due to fungi and Pseudomonas spp. that are known to resist wide array of antimicrobial agents. The LD50 of CASEB is >3,000 mg/kg in rats. However, long-term consumption of CASEB is associated with significant liver damage. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 183-192]

Objective: Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus Linton & Harbach, a coastal mosquito (also called a brack­ish mosquito), is a secondary vector species of malaria distributed throughout eastern and south­ern regions of Thailand. This research aimed to investigate the differences of wing size and shape of this female Aonpheles species in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand occurring over time between 2015 and 2017. Materials and Methods: Coordinates of 13 landmarks were selected and digitized. Centroid size (CS) was used to estimate wing size. Shape variables were used to estimate wing shape and were calculated from the Generalized Procrustes Analysis following principal components of the par­tial warp. The statistically significant differences of the average wing size based on CS and wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances in each year were estimated using the non-parametric permutation testing with 1,000 cycles after Bonferroni correction with a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: The A. epiroticus population in year 2016 had the highest average (3.61 mm), and the population in year 2017 had the lowest (3.47 mm). In this study, there was no difference in the size of wing between A. epiroticus population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p > 0.05). The A. epiroticus population in year 2017 was significantly smaller than the population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). All pairwise comparisons of wing shape Mahalanobis distances were significantly different in year 2017 compared with 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate differences of wings occur over time that affect the morpho­logical variability of A. epiroticus. The differences in weather conditions in each year affect the adaptive and morphological changes of mosquitoes in coastal areas. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(2): 208-214, June 2019

Objective: Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus Linton & Harbach, a coastal mosquito (also called a brack¬ish mosquito), is a secondary vector species of malaria distributed throughout eastern and south¬ern regions of Thailand. This research aimed to investigate the differences of wing size and shape of this female Aonpheles species in Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand occurring over time between 2015 and 2017. Materials and Methods: Coordinates of 13 landmarks were selected and digitized. Centroid size (CS) was used to estimate wing size. Shape variables were used to estimate wing shape and were calculated from the Generalized Procrustes Analysis following principal components of the par¬tial warp. The statistically significant differences of the average wing size based on CS and wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances in each year were estimated using the non-parametric permutation testing with 1,000 cycles after Bonferroni correction with a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: The A. epiroticus population in year 2016 had the highest average (3.61 mm), and the population in year 2017 had the lowest (3.47 mm). In this study, there was no difference in the size of wing between A. epiroticus population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p > 0.05). The A. epiroticus population in year 2017 was significantly smaller than the population in the years 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). All pairwise comparisons of wing shape Mahalanobis distances were significantly different in year 2017 compared with 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate differences of wings occur over time that affect the morpho¬logical variability of A. epiroticus. The differences in weather conditions in each year affect the adaptive and morphological changes of mosquitoes in coastal areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 208-214]

Objective: A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either aceproma­zine (ACP) or medetomidine. Materials and Methods: Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propo­fol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anes­thesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anes­thesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(2): 215-221, June 2019

Objective: A randomized, blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate ketofol (Ketamine + Propofol combination) anesthesia in 12 entire male mongrel dogs sedated with either aceproma¬zine (ACP) or medetomidine. Materials and Methods: Group A (6) dogs were pre-medicated with ACP and Group B (6) dogs with medetomidine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using ketofol (ketamine and propo¬fol). Routine open pre-scrotal castration was performed. Sedation score and ease of arousal were assessed and recorded. Duration and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using apnea and the absence of palpebral and pedal reflexes, attempts to stand up, and muscle tremors and post-operative pain. Simple statistics were compared using Student t-test and MannWhitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Medetomidine-sedated dogs had higher sedation scores compared to ACP-sedated dogs. Medetomidine-ketofol produced significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anesthesia (24.5 ± 3.1 min) compared to ACP-ketofol (10.0 ± 4.4 min). Sixty-seven percent of dogs anesthetized with ACP-ketofol required top up with ketofol to complete the castration. However, none of the Med-ketofol anesthetized dogs required top up. Med-ketofol produced a more profound depth of anes¬thesia and smoother recovery from anesthesia compared to ACP-ketofol. Med-ketofol (median score 6) attained better overall post-operative analgesia compared to ACP-ketofol (median score 7), though not statistically significant (p = 0.25). Although both protocols provided adequate anes¬thesia for castration, top up was required to complete the operation in more than half of ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs, making Med-ketofol a better protocol. Conclusion: The study recommends the use of Med-ketofol anesthesia for castration in a dog, and post-operative analgesia to be administered with either protocol, but more so in ACP-ketofol anesthetized dogs undergoing castration. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 215-221]

Objective: High ambient temperature in poultry is a challenging and fatal stress among environmental factors. It affects the production quality, damages the liver, and increases mortality in broilers. The present study is focused to explore appropriate utilization of Selenium (Se) as a feed additive in broiler chickens against high temperature. Materials and Methods: Day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) (n = 200) were grouped according to the supplements used in their basal diets such as: corn-soybean basal diet as control (Con), a basal diet containing sodium selenite, basal diet with probiotics, and a basal diet containing selenium-enriched probiotics (SP). At the end of the experimental period of 42 days, the liver was isolated and was used to determine the antioxidant capacity through a spectrophotometer. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in the liver was measured through a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Hepatic analyses revealed the decreased level of malondialdehyde, whereas glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase levels were increased in the SP group. Furthermore, supplementation of SP significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), GPx4, IL6, and IL10 and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: It is thus concluded that SP as a potential nutritive supplement may facilitate hepatic protection by suppressing hepatic oxidation, inflammation, and necrosis during the high ambient temperature of summer. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(3): 355-361, September 2019

Objective: High ambient temperature in poultry is a challenging and fatal stress among environmental factors. It affects the production quality, damages the liver, and increases mortality in broilers. The present study is focused to explore appropriate utilization of Selenium (Se) as a feed additive in broiler chickens against high temperature. Materials and Methods: Day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) (n = 200) were grouped according to the supplements used in their basal diets such as: corn-soybean basal diet as control (Con), a basal diet containing sodium selenite, basal diet with probiotics, and a basal diet containing selenium-enriched probiotics (SP). At the end of the experimental period of 42 days, the liver was isolated and was used to determine the antioxidant capacity through a spectrophotometer. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production in the liver was measured through a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Hepatic analyses revealed the decreased level of malondialdehyde, whereas glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase levels were increased in the SP group. Furthermore, supplementation of SP significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), GPx4, IL6, and IL10 and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: It is thus concluded that SP as a potential nutritive supplement may facilitate hepatic protection by suppressing hepatic oxidation, inflammation, and necrosis during the high ambient temperature of summer. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 355-361]

Objective: The incidence of salmonellosis in humans and animals is still high due to the occur­rence of virulence factors in Salmonella enterica which play a role in the process of infection in the host and the spread of disease and most of the S. enterica can infect humans and animals. The present study was aimed to identify Salmonella Enteritidis and detect virulence genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv). Materials and Methods: A total of 27 S. Enteritidis archive isolates belonging to the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory (NVDAL) were used in this study. The bacteria were collected in 2016 and 2017 from samples of the cloaca and fecal swabs from layer and broiler farms in five provinces of Java Island. Isolates were cultured in specific media, biochemical tests and Gram staining. Detection of S. Enteritidis and virulence genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Identification of serovar showed 100% (27/27) isolates were positive for the sdfI gene (304 bp). The result confirmed that all strains were S. Enteritidis. PCR based detection of virulence genes showed that 100% of isolates had virulence genes in SPI-1 to SPI-5, namely, invA, ssaQ, mgtC, spi4D, and pipA genes. All the isolates (27/27) were also positive to spvB gene-based PCR. Conclusion: All the isolates of S. Enteritidis in this study carry virulence genes related to SPI-1 to SPI-5 and plasmid virulence. The existence of virulent genes indicates that the S. Enteritidis strain examined in this study is highly virulent and poses a potential threat of worse disease outcome in humans and animals. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(3): 384-393, September 2019

Objective: The incidence of salmonellosis in humans and animals is still high due to the occur¬rence of virulence factors in Salmonella enterica which play a role in the process of infection in the host and the spread of disease and most of the S. enterica can infect humans and animals. The present study was aimed to identify Salmonella Enteritidis and detect virulence genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv). Materials and Methods: A total of 27 S. Enteritidis archive isolates belonging to the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory (NVDAL) were used in this study. The bacteria were collected in 2016 and 2017 from samples of the cloaca and fecal swabs from layer and broiler farms in five provinces of Java Island. Isolates were cultured in specific media, biochemical tests and Gram staining. Detection of S. Enteritidis and virulence genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Identification of serovar showed 100% (27/27) isolates were positive for the sdfI gene (304 bp). The result confirmed that all strains were S. Enteritidis. PCR based detection of virulence genes showed that 100% of isolates had virulence genes in SPI-1 to SPI-5, namely, invA, ssaQ, mgtC, spi4D, and pipA genes. All the isolates (27/27) were also positive to spvB gene-based PCR. Conclusion: All the isolates of S. Enteritidis in this study carry virulence genes related to SPI-1 to SPI-5 and plasmid virulence. The existence of virulent genes indicates that the S. Enteritidis strain examined in this study is highly virulent and poses a potential threat of worse disease outcome in humans and animals. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 384-393]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the antimicrobials nisin and lysozyme to control the growth of spoilage bacteria of pasteurized milk during cold storage. Materials and Methods: Nisin, lysozyme, and a mixture of them were inoculated into freshly pasteurized milk at 500 IU/ml concentrations each. The acidity, sensory evaluation, and bacteri­ological quality of the treated pasteurized milk samples were examined at zero time and every 3 days till the samples showed the signs of spoilage, that were checked every day. Results: Obtained results showed that there was a slight increase of the titratable acidity of the control and treated samples during refrigerated storage, but the acidity increase was significantly lower in samples containing lysosomes and/or nisin than the control samples. Nisin and lyso­zyme at 500 IU/ml concentration possessed inhibitory effect on the total bacterial, aerobic spore-formers, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the treated samples. The efficacy of nisin 500 IU/ml combined with lysozyme 500 U/ml was assessed and synergistic activity has been detected, that was expressed in the form of higher inhibitory effect and extend­ing the shelf-life of the samples up to 15 days at cold storage. Moreover, the sensory evaluation showed that nisin and lysozyme does not affect the acceptability of the examined samples. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that nisin and lysozyme have the potential to enhance the post-process bacteriological safety of pasteurized milk during the storage period and could aid in the elimination of post-process contamination and prolong its shelf-life. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(3): 403-408, September 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the antimicrobials nisin and lysozyme to control the growth of spoilage bacteria of pasteurized milk during cold storage. Materials and Methods: Nisin, lysozyme, and a mixture of them were inoculated into freshly pasteurized milk at 500 IU/ml concentrations each. The acidity, sensory evaluation, and bacteri¬ological quality of the treated pasteurized milk samples were examined at zero time and every 3 days till the samples showed the signs of spoilage, that were checked every day. Results: Obtained results showed that there was a slight increase of the titratable acidity of the control and treated samples during refrigerated storage, but the acidity increase was significantly lower in samples containing lysosomes and/or nisin than the control samples. Nisin and lyso¬zyme at 500 IU/ml concentration possessed inhibitory effect on the total bacterial, aerobic spore-formers, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts and extended the shelf-life of the treated samples. The efficacy of nisin 500 IU/ml combined with lysozyme 500 U/ml was assessed and synergistic activity has been detected, that was expressed in the form of higher inhibitory effect and extend¬ing the shelf-life of the samples up to 15 days at cold storage. Moreover, the sensory evaluation showed that nisin and lysozyme does not affect the acceptability of the examined samples. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that nisin and lysozyme have the potential to enhance the post-process bacteriological safety of pasteurized milk during the storage period and could aid in the elimination of post-process contamination and prolong its shelf-life. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 403-408]

Objectives: The study was undertaken with the objectives to perform seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) antibodies in goats vaccinated with PPR vaccine and molecular character­ization of PPR virus (PPRV) from field cases in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Seromonitoring work was conducted in Char Kalibari, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh. For this, a total of 50 goats were randomly selected and were divided into two groups; vaccinated (Group A; n = 25) and non-vaccinated (Group B; n = 25). The goats of both groups were again sub-divided into four age groups; (i) 0–6 months (n = 5), (ii) 6–12 months (n = 5), (iii) 12–24 months (n = 10), and (iv) >24 months (n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Day-0 and after 21 days of post-vaccination (DPV), and the sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPRV by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For molecular characterization, nasal swabs (n = 10) were collected from PPR infected goats in Jessore during PPR outbreak (February 2016). The causative agent, PPRV isolated from field cases were confirmed by N gene based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Results: In the case of seromonitoring, the results revealed that before vaccination (at Day-0), overall, 44% (n = 22/50) goats were seropositive for PPRV. In Group A, 48% (n = 12/25) goats were seropositive, but after 21 DPV, 96% (n = 24/25) goats become seropositive. On the other hand, in Group B, 40% (n = 10/25) and 16% (n = 04/25) seropositive goats found at Day-0 and after 21 DPV, respectively, indicating that the antibody titer was increasing after vaccination and decreasing in convalescent goats. Out of 10 nasal swab samples, 40% (n = 4/10) was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N gene). Phylogenetically, our isolate (KY039156/PPRV/BDG/Jes/2016) was similar to the other strains of PPRV under lineage IV. However, there was a unique amino acid substitution, where glycine (G) was recorded in place of arginine (R). The strain is closely related with other Chinese or Indian strains. The nucleotide sequence homology by NCBI BLAST search of the isolated strain ranged from 95% to 99% with other strains circulating in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The PPRV is prevailing in the Mymensingh and Jessore regions of Bangladesh. Effective control of PPR in goats may depend on vaccination with PPR vaccine. Molecular characterization of PPRV in Jessore reveals that the virus is differing from the strain prevalent in other regions of Bangladesh and the world. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 6(3): 416-424, September 2019

Objectives: The study was undertaken with the objectives to perform seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) antibodies in goats vaccinated with PPR vaccine and molecular character¬ization of PPR virus (PPRV) from field cases in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Seromonitoring work was conducted in Char Kalibari, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh. For this, a total of 50 goats were randomly selected and were divided into two groups; vaccinated (Group A; n = 25) and non-vaccinated (Group B; n = 25). The goats of both groups were again sub-divided into four age groups; (i) 06 months (n = 5), (ii) 612 months (n = 5), (iii) 1224 months (n = 10), and (iv) >24 months (n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Day-0 and after 21 days of post-vaccination (DPV), and the sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPRV by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For molecular characterization, nasal swabs (n = 10) were collected from PPR infected goats in Jessore during PPR outbreak (February 2016). The causative agent, PPRV isolated from field cases were confirmed by N gene based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Results: In the case of seromonitoring, the results revealed that before vaccination (at Day-0), overall, 44% (n = 22/50) goats were seropositive for PPRV. In Group A, 48% (n = 12/25) goats were seropositive, but after 21 DPV, 96% (n = 24/25) goats become seropositive. On the other hand, in Group B, 40% (n = 10/25) and 16% (n = 04/25) seropositive goats found at Day-0 and after 21 DPV, respectively, indicating that the antibody titer was increasing after vaccination and decreasing in convalescent goats. Out of 10 nasal swab samples, 40% (n = 4/10) was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N gene). Phylogenetically, our isolate (KY039156/PPRV/BDG/Jes/2016) was similar to the other strains of PPRV under lineage IV. However, there was a unique amino acid substitution, where glycine (G) was recorded in place of arginine (R). The strain is closely related with other Chinese or Indian strains. The nucleotide sequence homology by NCBI BLAST search of the isolated strain ranged from 95% to 99% with other strains circulating in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The PPRV is prevailing in the Mymensingh and Jessore regions of Bangladesh. Effective control of PPR in goats may depend on vaccination with PPR vaccine. Molecular characterization of PPRV in Jessore reveals that the virus is differing from the strain prevalent in other regions of Bangladesh and the world. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 416-424]