Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major avian pathogen revealing financial losses in poultry industry around the world. The current research aimed to study the bacteriological, molecular detection and sequencing of MG recovered from cases with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) from broiler and layer chicken farms in some Egyptian governorates. Therefore, a total of 125 samples were collected from (25) flock/governorate, representing (15) broiler chicken and (10) laying chicken farms from five Egyptian governorates (Giza, Al-Qalyubia, AL-Dakahlia, Al-Faiyum, AL-Sharqia) from March 2020 till January 2022. The isolates were characterized by using conventional methods and molecularly identified by using (16S rRNA), (mgc2) specific primers for MG. The bacteriological isolation showed that 80.8% (101/125) samples appeared as fried egg colonies on PPLO agar while the rest 24 samples were negative. Only 88 out of 101 (87.1%) bacteriologically positive samples were positive by conventional PCR. Gene target sequencing (GTS) was carried out on one MG isolate with positive PCR mgc2 specific gene. The incidence of MG increases in winter and autumn compared to summer and spring. The sequenced isolate of mgc2 gene is grouped with field strain isolated from Egyptian chickens with 100% identity. The obtained findings indicated that the mgc2 gene could discriminate between MG field type and vaccinal F-strain, MG remains a serious avian pathogen and the study recommend a periodical molecular monitoring of MG in poultry flock with sequence analysis of the circulating strains and further investigations should be applied to detect most suitable control and preventive measures to solve such problem.

To study the effect of follicle aspiration on the follicular, luteal, and uterine dynamics and hemodynamics associated with estradiol and nitric oxide changes, five aged mares >18 years were granted from Police department due to aging were subjected to transvaginal dominant follicle aspiration (TVA) on Day 12 after ovulation (Day 0). Before TVA, three complete estrous cycles were studied. The three large follicles were tracked after spontaneous ovulation and follicle aspiration starting from the day of aspiration (Day 0) till Day 12 and Day 15 of the first and second estrous cycles following aspiration. Follicle number, diameter, antral diameter, area, antral area, color area, color area %, granulosa area, and granulosa color area % in relation to the diameter of the dominant and subordinate follicles were determined during the spontaneous estrous cycles. Follicle diameter, antral diameter, area, antral area, color area, color area %, granulosa area, granulosa color area %, CL color area % and uterine horns color area % in relation to days before or after follicle aspiration were determined during the spontaneous estrous cycles. Blood samples collected on the same day of ultrasound and Doppler assessment were used to assay estradiol and nitric oxide concentrations. Days after ovulation influenced Uterine horn area (P<0.05) and color area (P<0.05), CL color area (P< 0.05) and CL color area % (P<0.05), Estradiol (E2, P<0.0001), and Nitric oxide (NO, P<0.0001). Days after aspiration influenced follicle antrum (P<0.01), follicle circulatory (P <0.0001), CL diameter (P<0.05), CL area (P<0.05), and E2 (P=0.007). Aspiration influenced the follicle circulatory (P<0.0001) and CL color area (P<0.05) and tended to influence E2 (P>0.05). In conclusion, aspiration of the dominant follicle simulates spontaneous ovulation in aged mares. Day 12 after ovulation could be selected for aspirating the dominant follicle without disturbing the follicular dynamics and hemodynamics. Aspirated dominant follicle become a corpus luteum with 2-3 days after aspiration.

Quail meat has gained a reputation as an outstanding source of protein and other essential nutrients, giving it numerous advantages over other poultry species. However, quail production has some limitations. One of them is vulnerability to parasitic infections that produce severe economic losses. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of Anonchotaenia species infecting quails in Elbehera Governorate, Egypt. A total of 239 quails were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The total prevalence of Anonchotaenia infection was 0.83%. The prevalence was 1.11% in the Edko district, but no infection was recorded in Rashid. The prevalence of infection in migrant quails was 2.21%, while no infection was recorded in domesticated quails. The prevalence was higher in males than in females. The 18S rRNA sequence of Egypt's Anonchotaenia species has 99% identity with Anonchotaenia brasiliensis. The phylogenetic tree of the 18S rRNA showed that sequence of Anonchotaenia sp. from Egypt is in the same clade as Anonchotaenia macrocephala from Brazil and Chile. Molecular characterization using 18S rRNA gene sequencing is valuable for parasitic helminth genetic identification in quails. The results presented a novel member of the genus Anonchotaenia in quails from Elbehera governorate, Egypt for the first time.

Infestations of brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) are difficult to control. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of phoxim and deltamethrin against R. sanguineus in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies, the evaluation involved the exposure of R. sanguineus adults, nymphs, and larvae to phoxim (1 ml/1000 ml) and deltamethrin (1 ml/1000 ml) observations were recorded for 24 hours, and the eggs were assessed and compared with a negative control tick group that had been exposed to water for 14 days,  In vivo studies, twenty local dogs have been divided into four groups of five each: The 1st group was non-infested dogs; the 2nd group is infested untreated dogs; the 3rd group was infested dogs and treated with a therapeutic dose of phoxim; and 4th  group  was infested dogs and treated with a therapeutic dose of deltamethrin. Results revealed that phoxim was more effective than deltamethrin on adult of R. sanguineus, while deltamethrin appeared to be more effective than phoxim on nymphs and larvae of R. sanguineus. Both acaricides significantly inhibited egg hatchability of R. sanguineus with the same potency.

In this study, the detection of biogenic amines in fresh and products of fish is focused and biological trials have been used to reduce their levels. 120 random samples of fresh fish (Lates niloticus), sardine salted, herring smoked, and tuna canned (for every thirty samples) were collected from different markets in Shibine, Menoufia, Egypt. The biogenic amine residues have examined in all samples that were collected (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine). The average levels of biogenic amines in the samples under investigation of fresh fish, canned tuna, herring smoked, and sardine salted are 10.74 ± 0.54, 15.08 ± 0.76, 17.93 ± 0.81 and 26.12 ± 0.89 mg % for histamine, 7.61 ± 0.49, 11.13 ± 0.57, 14.35 ± 0.64 and 19.59 ± 0.81 mg% for putrescine, 5.96 ± 0.43, 10.22 ± 0.49, 12.41 ± 0.58 and 16.85 ± 0.62 mg% for cadaverine each, accordingly. Finally, the tyramine mean value was 2.05 ± 0.10 mg % in fresh fish, 6.37 ± 0.19 mg % in tuna canned, 7.9 ± 0.24mg % for herring smoked and10.44 ± 0.27 mg % for sardine salted. Fish fillets were experimentally inoculated with B. polymyxa culture (2x107), the effect was ideal, the level of histamine reduced to 31.4 mg/kg after eight hours, 19.5 mg/kg after 12 hrs and 12.8 mg/kg 24 hours later with reduction percentages of 37.2%, 61.0%, and 74.4%, respectively and cadaverine level reduced to 22.1 mg/kg after 8 hours, 15.4 mg/kg after 12 hrs and 9.7 mg/kg 24 hrs later with reductions percentages were 26.3%, 48.7%, and 67.7%, respectively.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection has a significant negative influence on human wellness and the global economy. The purpose of this investigation was to identify E. coli and detect its virulence factors in dairy and meat products as well as, human diarrheal samples. A gross of 200 samples of raw milk, karish cheese, fresh meat, and minced meat were obtained randomly from different localities in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. In addition, 50 diarrhea samples were gathered from outpatients who admitted to medical labs and hospitals in Aswan Governorate. The samples were examined for the presence of non-O157 STEC using different biochemical tests and serotyping. The presence of different virulence genes (hly, eae, stx1, stx2) in E. coli isolates was investigated using PCR. The results illustrated that 28.8% of the examined samples were tainted with E. coli with the acquisition of fresh meat (40%), followed by minced meat and raw milk (20% for each), and finally karish cheese (16%) although it possess the highest odd ratio (4.846, 1.897-12.379). Depending on serology, twenty different serotypes were detected in overall samples, from the public health point of view, O26, O103, O126, O145, O86, O114, O121, O113, O104, and O118 were serotyped from both food and human samples. The prevalence of E. coli in humans was 48%, with insignificant correlation with age, sex, and residence. But the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) referring to residence as the riskiest factor to human infection (0.583, 0.424-0.743). Moreover, PCR results demonstrated that the most prevalent gene recognized in E. coli strains was eaeA (90%) followed by stx2 (30%), hlyA (30%), and stx1 (10%). In conclusion, our results highlight the risk for non-O157 STEC infections related to consumption of raw milk, karish cheese, fresh meat, and minced meat.

The aim of this is study was to evaluate of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on multidrug resistant (MDR) Cl. perfringens strains isolated from broilers as an alternative to conventional antibiotics and Molecular typing of the C. perfringens strains using ERIC-PCR for assessment of genetic relationship between strains isolated from different organs. A total of 20 isolates of Cl. perfringens were isolated from necrotic enteritis affected poultry located in El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. Antimicrobial resistance pattern was evaluated. ERIC- PCR genotyping of Cl. perfringens   isolates was performed to detect the genetic diversity and the degree of similarity between isolates. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs on MDR strains was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging was conducted to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles on C. perfringens cells. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging used to evaluate the effect of AgNPs on Cl. perfringens biofilm formed on glass cover slide for different periods of incubation with the same concentration of silver nanoparticles. Out of 85 collected samples from broiler chicken farms, 20 isolates of Cl. perfringens type A were isolated from broiler chickens at El-Behera governorate, Egypt. Most of isolates were MDR. ERIC PCR genotyping classified the isolates into 4 clusters (C1-C4).  MBC was 30ug/ml, while MIC was 20ug/ml and the bacterial growth completely inhibited after 24 hours. TEM and SEM images showed that AgNPs has exerted broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against MDR Cl. perfringens isolate and against biofilm.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica along the food chain has posed a public health concern worldwide. In the current study 180 samples of sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon, and hot dog 30 of each type were chosen at random from supermarkets and butcher shops in Egypt's EL-Sharkia Governorate. The aerobic plate count (APC) mean values were 5.58± 0.26, 6.28 ± 0.35, 6.36 ± 0.45, 6.23 ± 0.41, 3.22± 0.28 and 3.08 ± 0.22 log10 CFU/g in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon and hot dog, respectively. The Salmonella detected in was 3/30 (10%), 5/30(16.66%), 6/30(20%), 5/30(16.66%) and 1/30(3.33%) in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, and luncheon respectively. The S. Typhi was the predominant among isolates (30%) followed by S. Kentucky (20%) then S. Typhimurium (15%) and finally S. Anatum (10%). The resistance was 100% for ampicillin, 80% for Kanamycin, 65% for erythromycin, 60% for amoxicillin and penicillin, and 55% for sulfamethoxazole. On the other hand, the sensitivity was 90% for gentamycin, 85% for norfloxacin, 75% for ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. To reduce the risk of Salmonella infection in the consumer population, a food safety program should be implemented during the processing of meat products.

This work was conducted to investigate the growth performance, hematological characteristics, and carcass merits in four duck breeds (Pekin, Star 53, Muscovy and Mulard ducks). A total 80 ducklings one day old were used in this work till the age of 12 weeks. Each of the ducklings was allocated to 4 replicates (5 ducks/replicate). The obtained results denoted that the Mulard had the heaviest body weight (4234 gm) followed by Muscovy, Star 53 and Pekin (4029, 3659 and 2938 g., respectively). Muscovy ducks had a highly significant dressing percentage (84.39 %) compared to that of Mulard, Pekin and Star 53 (83.23, 74 and 72.72 %, respectively). Mulard duck had the highest values in Hemoglobin and MCHC by (25 and 49 %) in Pekin and Star but (32 and 24 %) in Muscovy. Lymphocyte in Muscovy increased about two times of Pekin, Star 53. Conclusion, performance, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters were all generally better with Mulard ducks.

The current study evaluated the efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and immunological responses induced by S. Typhimurium in broiler chickens. Chicks (N=120) were divided into six groups. Group 1: received no treatment and set as a control group. Group 2: fed Se-NPs enriched diet (0.5 mg/kg diet). Group 3: subjected to oral challenge with 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 4: administrated Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) then on day 21 was subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium. Group 5: vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml subcutaneous (s/c) injection on day 3 then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. Group 6: treated from day 1 with Se-NPs (0.5 mg/kg diet) till the end of the experiment and vaccinated by a SERVAC Tri Sal. 0.1ml (s/c) on day 3 and then subjected to 3.5x108 CFU/mL/1 ml/bird of S. Typhimurium on day 21. The results showed that S. Typhimurium significantly decreased erythrogram, lymphocytes count, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum iron, and TIBC, GPX, SOD, TAC, and IL-10 expression compared to the control.  Meanwhile, S. Typhimurium significantly increased TLC, heterophils, monocytes, serum ferritin, liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal products (creatinine, uric acid), MDA, IL6 expression. Conversely, the dietary Se-NPs supplementation and/or Salmonella vaccine to the infected broiler induced, to various degrees, improvement in hemato-biochemical, antioxidant biomarkers, and proinflammatory responses compared to challenged group. In conclusion, dietary Se-NPs supplementation offered a direct protection against S. Typhimurium infection for sustaining poultry production and correspondingly protecting human health.