Surgical anesthesia for chclonia (turtle). weighting between 6-10 kg. Was a ehieved with the injectable pentobarbital and ketamine hydrochloride. Induction of duration and recovery of individual turtles. Limited data are available regarding dosages and responses for injectable anesthetics a many reptiles. The varied results using dil’l‘crcnt dosage levels and routes of administration for pentobarbital and ketamine HCl. The purpose of the present study was to report anaesthetic dosages and responses for turtles

Astudy on the occurrence ofhydatidosis and liver fluke infection in slaughtered animals was carried out overyear ( l999_200()) at basrah abattiors . the study carried 1851 sheep ,655 cattle and 172 but't'alo. The study showed 134 (7.2%) .55 (8.3% ) and 64(36 . 5 %) had hydatid cyst respectively . the l'requenc_~ ol’ the cyst in lung o3(47.()l°/o) .29(52.72"/o) and 3l (48.4%) in inspected animals (sheep .cattle and bulitalo ) while in liver 7I(52.9%) .36(65.4%) and 33(51.5"/o) respectively also animals had been inspected for hepatic fascioliasis of - 5l(2.75%) .29 (4.42%) and 28 (l(>.2"/o ) respectively . the rate of infection had also been reported according to seasonal variation among the sam species of ammals,the study showed high infection rate with hydatid cyst in sheep.cattlc i ‘md bullill“ '” -“P""lt—’ l~“-3"“"?t) ~ l5.4""0)ilI1"/é») t‘c.~’Pecticl)’.while infection rate with fascioliasis is high in sheep(3.2"/o) and bufl'alo(22.9%) in winter

Water and acetone extracts of the leave of Law.s'om'a inermfs L., the peels of I’um'ca grrmamm L. and calcium carbonate (I%). alone or in combination were used against the fungus Aspergiflusfimiigams radial growth, sporulation and spore germination. The combination of acetone extracts ol‘ 1.. incrnu'.s' and P. gramrmm, and that ol‘ CaCO3 alone, were found to be the most effective against /t._/i.rmigam.s'. The acetone extract of L. incrmris‘ was very effective inhibitor of radial growth of the fungus when used alone or in combination with other treatments. The water extract of L. :'nermi.s‘ and P. granamm increased sporulation and spore germination olithe fungus. It was concluded that the acetone extracts of 1;. inernris and I’. grrimmrm alone or in combination with CaC()3 were considered to have a good in vitro antifungai activity agains

The chemotherapeutic effects of anti-eestodes drug praziquantel on giardiasis in laboratory mice. Fourty mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Group 1 was infected; group2 was infected and treated orally by giving praziquantel at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight as a single dose; group 3 was infected and treated orally by giving metronidazole at a rate of 15-20 mg/kg body weight daily for 7' days; group 4 was uninfected. Cyst excretion rate was recorded for the infected groups of mice. The infected and praziquantel treated mice have recovered much more faster than infected mice and treated by metronidazole. There were no side effects reported. Praziquantel proved for the first time to be an ideal drug for the treatment of giardiasis

Balb/c mice were used for investigating, the ability of the fungus (..'lada.s'porr‘zun sp. To infect the animal organs. Livers and kidneys of the animals were fixed and liistopathologieally examined after injecting the animal with ftlllgal spores. The study showed that the fungus (.'lado.s-porfzmz sp. is able to infect the animal organs . Fungal mycclia was observed among tisstie cells in addition to many histological changes such as cell (lcgcneration, necrosis. ecmgestion and bleeding.

The virulence of four South African field isolates of NAD-dependent Haemophilus paragallinarum and two field isolates of NAD-independent H. paragallinarum has previously been tested in unvaccinated chickens. In this study, the disease profiles caused by the NAD-dependent isolates of H. paragallinarum in vaccinated chickens were studied. It was shown that the clinical signs induced in the vaccinated chickens were substantially less severe than were those in unvaccinated chickens, as was expected. However, due to the high virulence of the serovar C-3 isolates, clinical signs in the vaccinated chickens challenged with this isolate were still detected. These were as severe as those occurring in unvaccinated chickens challenged with serovar B-1 isolates. Although the clinical signs induced in unvaccinated birds challenged with serovar A-1 were more severe than those occurring when vaccinated birds were challenged with serovar C-3, the overall disease profiles were similar. Substantial clinical signs were recorded in vaccinated birds challenged with serovar C-3. This could be interpreted as vaccination failure if the disease profile obtained in unvaccinated birds is not considered. It was found that a high level of protection was provided by this vaccine against challenge by serovar C-3. The high virulence of this serovar resulted in the development of clinical signs in vaccinated birds. These findings could possibly explain the large number of so-called vaccination failures that are reported in South Africa.

A total of 100 fecal samples from goats were coprologically examined to investigate the main cause of diarrhea. Animals were divided according to the age into 3 groups (7-35 days, 35 days - 6month and over one year). The results revealed that Eimeria species was the most predominant parasite (70%), the parasitic gastroenteritis (28%) and Cryptosporidium species (21%). Ten species of Eimeria were identified from the infected animals, E. hirci, E. arloingi, E. intericata, E. ahsata , E. christenseni, E. marisca, E. crandalis, E. weybridegenesis, E. faurei and E. ovina. Three species of parasitic gastroenteritis (Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia species and Trichostrongylus species). Cryptosporidium oocysts were found common in young goats

Studies were conducted to determine the utility of lysate antigens for rapid evaluation of the local entero-3 vaccine, antigens were prepared from cell cultures infected with bovine rota virus (BRV) and bovine corona virus (BCV) as well as from Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain K99. Prepared antigens were tested with field serum samples collected from both late pregnant entero-3 vaccinated cows and their offsprings using different serological assays including: microagglutination test, indirect ELISA and immunofluorescent antibody technique. Results of this endeavor were correlated to that of the standard virus neutralization test. The locally prepared antigens were proved useful for vaccine evaluation. Moreover, these antigens are recommended for both detection and assessment post vaccination or post infection of sero-conversion against BRV, BCV and E. coli.

Dairy cattle reared in western Kenya are exposed to medium to high levels of trypanosomosis risk. The social background, farm characteristics and dairy cattle productivity of 90 and 30 randomly selected farmers from medium- and high-risk trypanosomosis areas, respectively, were compared. All the 120 farmers were visited between July and August 2002. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results showed that increased trypanosomosis risk represented by an increase in disease prevalence in cattle of 1% to 20 % decreased the density of dairy cattle by 53 % and increased the calving interval from 14 to 25 months. The increased risk was also associated with a significant increase in cattle mortalities and in a lactation period of 257 to 300 days. It was concluded that removal of the trypanosomosis constraint on dairy production would lead to expansion of dairying since the domestic demand for dairy products is expected to increase.

Seroprevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii anti-antibodies in adult goats and sheep from different parts of Zimbabwe were determined. A total of 225 (67.9 %) of the 335 serum samples tested were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies with the indirect fluorescent antibody test. There were differences in antibody seroprevalences among communal land goats from the different agro-ecological zones (Natural regions IIb and III: 80 and 96.7 %, respectively; Natural region IV: 65.9 %; Natural region V: 45 %; and Natural region III had a significantly higher seroprevalence than IV and V. The highest seroprevalences found in Natural regions II b and III are likely to be linked to the existence of more households and hence the possibility of a higher concentration of domestic cats that increases the chances of environmental contamination with their faeces harbouring T. gondii oocysts. The seroprevalence rate in sheep from a large commercial farm (10 %) was significantly lower than that of sheep reared under the communal grazing system (80 %). Overall, significantly higher proportions of seropositive animals had antibody titres of 1:50 (34.2 % of 225) and 1:100 (44 % of 225) as compared to the 9.8 % and 12 % with antibody titres of 1:200 and > 1:400, respectively.