A survey to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis and certain other infectious diseases was conducted on 42 free-ranging African buffaloes, (Syncerus caffer) from May to June 1997 in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Using the gamma interferon test, exposure to M. bovis was detected in 21.6 % of the buffaloes. One dead buffalo and an emaciated warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) that was euthanased, were necropsied; both had miliary granulomas from which M. bovis was isolated. None of the buffaloes sampled in Sector A of the park, which has no cattle interface, tested positive for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) exposure. The prevalence and distribution of BTB does not appear to have changed significantly since the 1960s, but this may be due to fluxes in the buffalo population. Serological testing for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) demonstrated positive exposure of 57.1% of the buffaloes sampled, with types A, O and SAT 1-3, which is the first known report of FMD antibodies to A and O types in free ranging African buffaloes. Foot-and-mouth disease virus types SAT 1 and SAT 3 were isolated from buffalo probang samples. Two percent of the buffaloes had been exposed to brucellosis. None of the buffaloes tested had antibodies to rinderpest, leptospirosis or Q fever.

A conclusive study was conducted for preparation and evaluation of combined inactivated entero-4 vaccine containing bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), E. coli K99 and toxoid of C. perfringens type "C". Laboratory and field evaluations were conducted on laboratory animals, calves and late pregnant cows with monitoring the active and passive antibodies in vaccinated cows and their offspring respectively. Laboratory evaluation proved purity, safety and high efficacy of the vaccine without interference between different vaccine ingredients. Field evaluation gave satisfactory results when pregnant cows vaccinated at late stage of pregnancy with high neutralizing antibody titers against BRV, BCV and C. perfringens as well as high E. coli agglutinating titers. Maternal immunity passively protected offspring during the critical period of age and remained protected till the end of sampling time (30th day post parturition).

Beef longissimus dorsi steaks were treated with 10, 25, and 50-kGy gamma irradiation and weekly examined during refrigeration storage at 5ºC to evaluate the changes in their organoleptic, bacteriological, chemical and nutritional quality characteristics as well as deterioration criteria. The signs of spoilage became apparent after 17 days of refrigeration storage in control untreated samples compared with 52 days for 10 kGy treated samples; however, samples treated with 25 or 50 kGy remained without signs of spoilage until the end of storage period (4 months). A characteristic burnt flavor was distinguished in irradiated beef samples, which was intensified with high irradiation dose, but decreased during storage. High doses of irradiation especially 50 kGy resulted in a brownish color of meat surface. Moreover, gamma irradiation resulted in high thiobarbituric acid values after treatments and during storage due to lipid oxidation. Thiamin content of beef was severely reduced and the reduction was dependant on the irradiation dose. Riboflavin was also affected by irradiation, but it was much stable than thiamin. The proximate chemical composition of beef was slightly affected by irradiation.

In this study a total of 14 infected sheep and 6 lactating albino goats were used. These animals were proved to be brucellosis seropositive using TAT, MET, BAPAT, RBPT and rivanol test as well as bacteriologically positive by isolation of Brucella melitensis biovar 3 from their milk. These animals were subjected to trials of treatment using three different methods. Goats treated by antibiotics combined with BCG showed the highest recovery rate (on bacteriological basis), followed by animals treated with antibiotics only and finally animals treated with antibiotics combined ID. The recovered treated animals were placed under careful investigation for 2 years with no evidence of Brucella infection neither in them nor in their newborns.

Thirty samples of freshly slaughtered broiler frame with skin were obtained from small scale poultry processing plant in Cairo and Giza markets. Samples of neck and breast skin were examined for Total colony count, Psychrotrophic count, Staphylococcus aureus count, Coliform Count, presumptive E. coli count and total yeast and mould count. In addition isolation of Salmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobater were performed. Lower bacterial counts were recorded in cooked samples, with mean value of 7.6 ± 0.18, 5.68 ± 0.16, 5.12 ± 0.14, 3.6 ± 0.3, 2.3 ± 0.39 and 6.85 ± 0.37 log10 cfu /g in raw samples and 0.91 ± 0.27, 0.74 ± 0.21, 0.56 ± 0.19, 1.1 ± 0.13, < 3 and 2.44 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/g in cooked samples respectively. The incidence of S. aureus, Salmonella and Campylobater jejuni in raw skin samples were 66.7%, 20%, and 56.6%, respectively. While S. aureus was unexpectedly isolated from cooked samples. Fat content was estimated by using Sohexelt method and fatty acids content of methylester were determined.

Survival of the neonate relies on the integrated expression of appropriate behaviours from both mother and young. In this study, the effect of birth difficulty on maternal and lamb behaviours and its influence on lamb survival was investigated in crossbred primiparous ewes (½ Finnish x ½ Rahmani). Assisted ewes spent significantly (P<0.05) less time licking (30.83±1.39 min/2 h) and nosing (24.25±1.79 time/2 hr) their lambs than unassisted mothers (38.52±2.96 min, 28.80±1.68 time/2 h) respectively. They were found to be more aggressive towards their lambs when attempt to suck (9.80±0.37, 12.90±0.84 and 10.50±0.50 time/2 h) when compared with unassisted one (8.00±0.40, 10.20±1.52 and 7.66±0.88 time/2h) respectively. Lamb behavioural development were found to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by birth difficulty with lambs that require assistance at birth even if they survive the birth process, they were slower to progress through the sequence of neonatal behaviours. These lambs were therefore at greater risk of not surviving to weaning (28.57% vs. 11.42). It could be concluded that ease ofdelivery was an important factor determining the subsequent behaviour of the lamb and ewe and hence lamb survival, thus manipulation of husbandry and breeding system to improve delivery will improve lamb survival

The objective of this study was to determine whether Bos taurus cattle differ form Bos indicus in their susceptibility to infection with the Muguga stabilate of Theileria parva and in their resistance to the resultant disease. Ten Friesians (B. taurus), ten improved Borans (B. indicus), ten unimproved Borans (B. indicus) and ten Zebus (B. indicus) born to dams from an East Coast fever (ECF) endemic area were inoculated with an infective dose50 dilution of T. parva Muguga stabilate 147. All the animals except one Friesian and one Zebu developed schizont parasitosis. All the improved Borans, nine of the Friesians, eight of the unimproved Borans and six of the Zebus developed a febrile response. Four of the improved Borans, four of the Friesians and three of the unimproved Borans died of theileriosis. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prepatent period occurred between the groups, but the Zebus had a significantly shorter duration of schizont parasitosis (P > 0.05) and took a significantly shorter time to recover (P > 0.05) than the other three groups. There was no significant difference in the two parameters between the other three groups. The study showed that three B. indicus breds and a B. taurus breed are equally susceptible to T. parva infection. However, Zebus born to dams from an ECF endemic area showed a better ability to control the course of disease than cattle from ECF free areas.

The present study was designed to investigate trypanosomiasis among one of native freshwater fish breed in Egypt namely catfish (Clarias gariepenus). Fifty fish were collected during summer season from the river Nile at Giza markets. The fish were examined for the presence of trypanosoma in the blood. Trypanosoma were detected in 10 (20%) of the collected fish. The main clinical signs of infected fish with trypanosoma were emaciation, dullness, respiratory distress, loss of escape reflex, mild ascitis and paleness of the gills. Post-mortem examination of infected fish revealed paleness of the internal organs (liver and kidneys) and slight congestion of spleen. Haematological examination of infected fish revealed significant decrease in erythrocytic count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume but significant increase in total leucocytic count accompanied with neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Serum biochemical analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in urea, total protein and albumin while a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, glucose and 1- globulin were recorded. Microscopic examination of organ histopathological sections revealed cloudy swelling of hepatocytes with activation of kupffer cells, depletion of lymphocytes with thickening of tile trabeculae in spleen. While in kidney, necrobiotic changes of epithelial lining of renal tubules with vacuolation of glomeruli as well as hemorrhages were recorded.

The Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol was studied in buffalo calves following single intravenous and intramuscular administration of 20 mg kg-1 b.wt. Florfenicol concentration in both serum and urine were determined by microbiological assay using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as test organism. After intravenous injection the serum florfenicol concentration time course obeys two-compartment open model with distribution (t0.5 ()) and elimination (t0.5 ()) half lives of 0.381 ± 0.004 and 2.89 + 0.263 h., respectively. Total body clearance (CLB) and steady state volume of distribution (Vdss) were 3.6 ± 0.30 ml kg-1 min-1 and 1.70 ± 0.010 l kg-1., respectively. After intramuscular administration the observed mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.32 ± 0.052 3g ml-1 achieved after maximum time (Tmax) of one hour postinjection. The systemic bioavailability after intramuscular administration was 27.43 % and the plasma protein binding was 13.5 %.

Two hundred, five-week old chickens were divided into six equal groups (30 chicks/group) and vaccinated with different live NDV vaccines in Nigella sativa oil. The vaccinated birds were bled at one-week interval post-vaccination over six weeks and the collected sera were tested by the HI test. Half of each group was challenged 21-days post-vaccination by intramuscular route of inoculation with 2X105EID50 of the velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV). Birds were observed for 15 days post-challenge for any clinical signs of Newcastle disease. Deaths within this period were subjected to post mortem examination. The remaining birds in each group were observed after challenge till 42-days post-vaccination.