Manganese (Mn) is a necessary trace mineral, but imbalanced levels in the body can lead to neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity of manganese chloride (MnCl2) is associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration, oxidative damage and neuro-inflammation. This study was conducted to assess the neuroprotective effects of quercetin or rosemary extract on neurotoxicity induced by MnCl2 in rats. Twenty-eight male albino rats were separated into four identical groups.  G1(normal control): Rats were provided with purified water. G2 (MnCl2): Rats were orally administered MnCl2 at a dose of 1/25 LD50 (59.36 mg/kg b.wt) five times a week for six consecutive weeks. G3 (MnCl2+ Quercetin): Rats were given MnCl2 (59.36 mg/kg b.wt) along with Quercetin (50 mg/kg b.wt/day).   G4 (MnCl2+ Rosemary extract): Rats were given MnCl2 (59.36 mg/kg b.wt) along with Rosemary extract (200 mg/kg b.wt/day). Results indicated that a significant upregulation of HAT1, HDAC1, and Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) gene expression with Global DNA hyper-methylation were observed in brain of MnCl2 exposed rats. Meanwhile, Quercetin or Rosmary extract co-treatment with MnCl2 induce significant downregulation of HAT1,HDAC1 and PI3K  expression with major Global DNA hypo-methylation in the brain of rats. Additionally, treating manganese-exposed rats with quercetin or Rosemary extract also resulted in the preservation of the brain's histological structure. This results suggest that quercetin and rosemary can modulate alterations in histone acetylation in rats brain cells when exposed to manganese through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.

The addition of microbial phytase is crucial for lowering the reliance on inorganic forms of phosphorus and enhancing the absorption of various minerals. The present investigation sets out to ascertain the optimal outcomes of dose-dependent phytase supplementation on production performance, economic efficiency, physical meat quality, and intestinal histomorphometry in Hubbard broiler chickens. A total of 270-days-old Hubbard broilers were distributed randomly among six groups. The experimental setup consisted of: Group 1 (G1) served as the control and was provided with standard basal diets, while G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 were supplemented with standard basal diets containing 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200gm/ton of phytase, respectively. Weekly recordings of productive performance were conducted throughout the experimental duration. At the end of the study, specimens of both intestine and meat were collected from every pen. The best outcomes regarding body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were noted for G5 and G6. The economic appraisal revealed that G6 had the lowest feed costs per kilogram of body weight and the highest revenue and economic efficiency. Intestinal morphological examination supported these findings, showed that phytase supplementation significantly improved villi length and crypt depth, with the greatest enhancement seen in groups G5 and G6. Water holding capacity and shear force exhibited notable increases in G5 and G6. In conclusion, incorporating a higher dosage of phytase (200gm/ton) in broiler diets has the potential to decrease overall feed costs per kilogram of body weight gain, enhance growth performance, economic efficiency, and intestinal histomorphometry, and have no adverse effects on meat quality.

Water quality is an important part of any aquaculture system. Water provides aquatic animals with oxygen, allows for waste removal, and is the conduit for their food. Similar to all other organisms, fish are heavily influenced and dependent on the characteristics of their environment. Non-optimum water physicochemical parameters as dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, ammonia, temperature etc. can cause stress to the cultured fish and thus make them more susceptible to disease outbreaks. Nile tilapia is the most cultured fish in Egypt. While its sustainable production is hindered by many obstacles. One of them is the water quality, therefore the hygienic effects of the water parameters are important to be clear in culturing.

Human rabies transmitted by dogs still kills thousands of people each year worldwide. Dog bites are common in the city of Beni (Democratic Republic of Congo), which shows low rabies vaccination coverage. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the rabies vaccination status of dogs. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the town of Beni among dog owners, during a household survey selected using a multistage sampling. The information sought concerned the knowledge and characteristics of the dog owners as well as the vaccination status of these dogs. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between the vaccination status of the dogs and the main independent factors. Rabies vaccination coverage in Beni was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22% – 30%). The main factors associated with the rabies vaccination status of the dog were primary education level of household head (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:4.8; 95% CI: 1.2– 19.8); university education level of household head (aOR: 5.9; 95% CI: 1.6–22); perceived rabies severity (aOR: 44. 4; 95% CI: 10.4–188), having more than one dog in the household (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6–4.3); age range 7–12 months (aOR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1–0.6) and confined dog breeding (aOR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.1–14.9). The low vaccination coverage in Beni requires mass vaccination campaigns against canine rabies targeting the dog owners with low education levels, those raising more than one dog, with stray dogs or dogs less than 12 months old.

Wild bird research, particularly investigations of the interplay between feeding habits, diet, and alimentary tract anatomy, offers a captivating avenue for scientific exploration. While numerous studies have delved into the upper digestive tracts of various avian species, there remains a dearth of data on the upper digestive tract anatomy of the African green bee-eater (AG bee-eater, Merops viridissimus cleopatra). This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by elucidating the gross, microscopic, and histochemical features of the esophagus and stomach in AG bee-eaters, shedding light on their food preferences, and feeding habits. Ten adult, apparently healthy AG bee-eaters were examined, revealing structural organizations of the esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard that parallel those observed in other avian species. Key findings encompass a protective mucous layer in the esophagus and proventriculus, coupled with a moderately thick cuticle, guarding against harm from stinging insects like bees and wasps. The upper digestive tract houses numerous mucous-secreting glands, secreting both protective acidic mucin and enzymatic-neutral mucins. The proventriculus, featuring a thin wall and abundant glandular activity, equips AG bee-eaters with vital gastric enzymes for digesting their high-protein diet. This adaptation aligns with the bird's compact upper digestive tract, well suited for processing relatively small food particles. Additionally, the ventriculus's muscular layer, moderately thick, aligns with the moderately coarser texture of the bee-eater's dietary preferences. Overall, this study unveils crucial anatomical adaptations enabling AG bee-eaters to thrive on a diet dominated by stinging insects.

In recent years there has been a dramatic development for multidrug-resistant and disinfectant-resistant bacteria in poultry farms, to investigate the current prevalence and losses associated with these phenomena, Samples from chicks were taken from 3 poultry stations A, B, and C beside broiler hatcheries (newly hatched chicks). Newly hatched chicks were monitored for Clinical signs, postmortem examination, and performance and mortality rate for one week old. All newly hatched chicks showed the appearance of gasped chicks with low vitality and the rates of gasping increased at the farm level with increased mortality from 8.8 %- 15.5% in the first week. Postmortem examination revealed the presence of nephritis with urate deposition in the ureter, air vasculitis with the appearance of a nodule, a large gall bladder, and a cecum with a greenish color. E. coli was recorded with a high percentage 57.4% followed by S. Typhimurium 8.2% and P.aeruginousa 4.1%. Clostin showed impressive results for treating isolated bacteria from chicks, while erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, bacitracin, streptomycin, followed by ampicillin, doxycycline, and gentamycin showed high resistance among isolated bacteria. Alarmingly, 88.9% (8/9) of the E. coli strains were XDR to different classes. In contrast, 11.1% (1/9) of the isolated E. coli strains were multi-drug resistant. One isolate of S. Typhimurium was PDR and another isolate was MDR. All of the P. aeurginosa strains were XDR to different classes. The previous results showed the risk of infection comes from the improper disinfection of the hatchery and how it is associated with losses in poultry farms and there is a need for the prevalence of the disinfection genes in hatchery bacteria.

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of L-arginine (L-A) on cognitive hypofunctions induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). Thirty-six male albino Wistar rats 10 weeks old (180 to 200g) were divided into 4 groups: Group I: received distilled water, group II received L-arginine (L-A) 500 mg/kg, group III received 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate (MSG), group IV received L-arginine 500 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg monosodium glutamate by oral gavage for 10 days. Cognitive performance was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests. The relative brain weight of experimental rats was recorded. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the brain homogenate as oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and dopamine (DA) levels were estimated. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry to serotonin (S-2A) receptors and caspase-3 were performed. Results revealed that MSG can cause a decline in cognitive functions as evidenced by NOR and y-maze tests. Besides, it has a neurotoxic effect as evidenced by increasing MDA level and GPx activity, decreasing SOD and CAT activities, reduced DA level, histopathological alteration in the brain, decreased S-2A receptors, and increased apoptosis as demonstrated by promoted caspase-3. Treatment with L-A 500 mg/Kg BW ameliorated the neurophysiological effects of MSG through improving memory, decreasing MDA level, GPx activity, increasing SOD and CAT activities, increasing DA level, improving histoarchitecture of the brain, improving S-2A receptors and decreasing apoptosis ameliorating caspase-3 protein in the brain.

FADV has caused high economic losses in poultry industry in Egypt in the last few years. The study aimed to detect and genetically characterize the fowl adenovirus (FAdV) species prevalent in Egyptian commercial broiler chicken flocks during 2023. The 63 suspected samples were collected from Egyptian broiler chickens from 5 governorates during 2023. The molecular characterization was performed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the positive samples was isolated in primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells. The genetic characterization of 8 selected samples represented different governorates by sequencing of loop 1 (L1) of the hexon gene. Clinically, the poultry suffered from depression, watery diarrhea, and ascites and decreased body weight with a mortality rate of 10–30%. The post-mortem inspection showed liver was pale, enlarged with petechial haemorrhage. 27 out of 63 samples (42.8%) were positive by PCR. The molecular charctersation of the L1 hexon gene’s revealed that the FADV (from Eg-ANY1-2023 to EG-ANY4-2023) genetically charcterized as FADV-D 2/11 strains, the FADV-EG-ANY5-2023 to FADV-EG-ANY8-2023 genetically characterized as FADV E/8a and FADV E/8b. By mutation analysis, the strains in our study related to FADV-E/8a (FADV-EG-ANY5, ANY6) had R171K in the HVR4 and strain related to 8b (FADV-EG-ANY6, ANY7) had S95N in the HVR2 and A91T between HVR1 and HVR2 compared to other reference strains. Thus, these findings demonstrate that many mutated virus genotypes are circulating in commercial chicken flocks. Further research is needed to study the pathogencity of these strains and implement control measures and vaccine production to prevent economic loss in the poultry industry.

Trypanosomosis is a disease complex which affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa, transmitted by the tsetse fly and distributed within the tsetse belt of Africa. But some trypanosome species, for example, Trypanosoma brucei evansi, T. vivax, T. theileri and T. b. equiperdum are endemic outside the tsetse belt of Africa transmitted by biting flies, for example, Tabanus and Stomoxys, or venereal transmission, respectively. Trypanocidal drugs remain the principal method of animal trypanosomosis control in most African countries. However, there is a growing concern that their effectiveness may be severely curtailed by widespread drug resistance. A minimum number of six male cattle calves were recruited for the study. They were randomly grouped into two (T. vivax and T. congolense groups) of three calves each. One calf per group served as a control while two calves were treatment group. They were inoculated with 10(5) cells/mL parasites in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) in 2 mL. When parasitaemia reached 1 × 10(7.8) cells/mL trypanosomes per mL in calves, treatment was instituted with 20 mL (25 mg/kg in 100 kg calf) ascofuranone (AF) for treatment calves, while the control ones were administered a placebo (20 mL PBS) intramuscularly. This study revealed that T. vivax was successfully cleared by AF but the T. congolense group was not cleared effectively. CONTRIBUTION: There is an urgent need to develop new drugs which this study sought to address. It is suggested that the AF compound can be developed further to be a sanative drug for T. vivax in non-tsetse infested areas like South Americas

This study aimed to address the genetic and environmental features that affect the calf’s sex in dairy farms, which favors female birth for extra milk production and efficient replacements. A total of 4913 calves' records from 1047 Friesian cows collected at Sakha dairy farm between 1975 and 2020 were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters and various environmental effects on calf gender, including year and season of mating, first calving year, gestation length, parity, service period, and number of services per conception. Variance components, heritabilities, and repeatability values were estimated using the THRGIBBS1F90 program based on Gibbs sampling. The results showed highly significant effects of the season (P < 0.001) and year of mating, gestation length (P < 0.01), and the others (P < 0.05) on calf gender. For female birth, direct (h2a), sire (h2s), and dam (h2m) heritability and repeatability estimates are 0.13- 0.16, around 0.12, 0.09, and 0.15-0.18, respectively. Short gestational length, few services per conception, plus first and fifth parties were the main predictors of female births. Moderate estimates of female birth and sire heritability demonstrate that genetic manipulation can change additive genetic variability.  With only 0.15-0.18% confidence, the moderate repeatability estimates of female birth indicated that previous calf sex can influence calf gender in subsequent pregnancies.  By manipulating some management techniques in addition to genetic parameters in dairy cows before mating, it is possible to change the gender proportion of fresh births to a preferred value.