Despite many studies regarding tick ecology, limited information on long-term changes in tick populations exist. This study assessed the long-term population dynamics of the less frequently collected questing ixodid ticks in the Kruger National Park (KNP). From 1988 to 2002, monthly dragging of the vegetation was performed in three habitats (grassland, woodland and gully) at two sites in the KNP (Nhlowa Road, Landscape Zone 17, and Skukuza, Landscape Zone 4). Amblyomma marmoreum and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were collected as larvae most commonly. Most A. marmoreum larvae were collected at Skukuza and numbers peaked from March to July. More R. evertsi evertsi larvae were collected at Nhlowa Road and numbers peaked in summer and in winter, while at Skukuza there was a single peak in spring. Haemaphysalis elliptica, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus turanicus were collected as adults most commonly. More Ha. elliptica and R. turanicus were collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza, while R. simus numbers from the two sites were approximately equal. Ha. elliptica were collected most often between February and June, and R. simus and R. turanicus during February and March. All three species were collected more frequently in gullies than in grassland or woodland. Their numbers increased in 1994/1995 following an eruption of rodents, the preferred hosts of the immature stages. The different host-seeking strategies of ticks largely determine the development stage at which they are likely to be collected during vegetation dragging and reflect a complex interaction between ticks, their hosts and the environment.

The dairy industry is a large and important business in Saudi Arabia. Although farms are administered to high international standards, some reproduction problems, of uncertain aetiology, are encountered. The most frequently seen are conception failures, abortions, stillbirths and the birth of weak or malformed calves. These conditions are suggestive of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection. Unfortunately, very little published information is available regarding the impact of this disease on cattle populations in Saudi Arabia. As a consequence, the present study was carried out and is the first of its kind in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. The aim of the study was to elucidate the role of in utero BVDV infection leading to the birth of weak or malformed calves on a large dairy farm in Saudi Arabia. The study was divided into two parts. Firstly, apparently healthy neonatal calves were sampled for the detection of pre-colostral serum antibodies to BVDV. The presence of these antibodies indicates exposure of the foetus to BVDV during the last two trimesters of gestation. Secondly, tissue samples from malformed neonatal calves were examined for the presence of BVDV antigens. Detection of such antigens confirms exposure of the foetus to the virus during the first trimester of gestation. The results of the investigation indicated that 36.1% of the neonatal calves were exposed to BVDV infection in utero. This is higher than what has been reported in the literature and suggests that dairy farmers in the Arabian Peninsula need to be made aware of the dangers of BVDV infections in their herds. The epidemiological significance of the results is discussed.

This study included detection the onset time of ossification of vomer bone in indigenous sheep fetuses collected from uteri of indigenous ewes slaughtered in Mosul city, which prepared by using modify double staining method in younger age or maceration with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or with fly larvae in old ages. The first sign of vomer bone demonstrated as a small areas (3mm) in the (53) days old of indigenous sheep fetus as a two bilateral ossification centers which located below and above the vomeral body which formed by intramembranous ossification in the membrane covering the cartilaginous nasal capsule. The results revealed that the relative increase in the vomer bone during thirteen successive weeks [8th – 20th weeks]of indigenous sheep fetal age, that the greatest relative increase in vomer bone length was at the 8th week, while the greatest relative increase in vomer bone height was in the 11th week of indigenous sheep fetal age.

Total of 99 healthy genitalia of Awassi ewes were collected from AI-Shuala government and local abattoirs for biometrical measurements of ovaries,vis.;length and width of the right and left ovaries ,number of follicles( 0.1mm measured and more ) and their diameters and the area of the total follicles occupied ( no x diameter )-number of functional corpora lutea .The results revealed that the mean length of the right and left ovaries were 1.63 and 1.58cm respectively. The highest length was recorded at estrus phase , while the shortest was recorded at metaestrus phase , but no significant difference was obtaind . The mean width of the right and left ovaries were 0.90and 0,92 cm respectively , the shortest values were recorded at metaestrus ,and significant deference was only obtained in right ovary .The mean numbers of developed follicles of the right and left ovaries were 11.70and 10.95 respectively .While the lowest numbers were recorded at metaestrus phase. The mean diameters of the developing follicles of right and left ovaries were 0.74 and o.66 respectively. The highest numbers were diestrus phase .

This study was conducted to evaluate the histomorphological changes occurred during intestinal anastomosis performed by laparoscopic Vs conventional techniques in eighteen dogs, which were divided randomly into three groups. In group 1, intestinal anastomosis was performed extracorporeally by laparoscopic-assisted surgery, during which a loop of the small intestine was exteriorized through a mini-laparotomy opening and was surgically resected and anastomsed by simple interrupted sutures; in group 2, intestinal anastomosis was carried out by intracorporeal laparoscopic surgery; and in group 3, intestinal anastomosis was performed by conventional laparotomy. Intestinal biopsies were obtained from the site of anastomosis in all dogs at days 15 and 30 following the operation. Normal regeneration of the structural constituents of the intestine was observed 15 days following anastomosis in animals of the first and second groups compared to villous atrophy associated with delayed and partial regeneration of the intestinal mucosa that were manifested in animals of the third group. In addition, histopathological changes indicative of serosal adhesion were observed in two animals of the latter group. These results showed that intestinal anastomosis achieved by laparoscopic surgery revealed better and faster healing rates compared to intestinal anastomosis achieved by conventional laparoptomy

The blood parameters of Red Blood Cells for Barbus xanthopterus, Barbus sharpeyi and B. xanthopterus X B sharpeyi (hybrid )were mentionted. The dimentions of Red Blood Cells ( length and width) for the fish B.xanthopterus, B.sharpeyi and their hybrid were as follows: (6 and 4 microns; 5 and 3 microns; 6 and 4 microns). Hb content values for the above mentioned fish, were as follows: 5.18, 5.323 and 4 g /100 ml. PCV values for the above mentioned fish were as follows: 68.25% , 100% and 42.85714%. RBC numbers for the above fish were also mentioned as follows: 3450000, 3550000 and 3300000cell/1mm3.

A study on the prevalence and monthly incidence of Cysticercus tenuicollis metacestodes of sheep were carried out in Duhok abattoir(north of Iraq) .The work was conducted during the period from October.2008- to September.2009 by weekly regular visits to the slaughterhouse. All slaughtered animals were apparently healthy, were of local breed, of both sexes originated from some areas with non –descriptive features. Visual inspection of the lesion and traditional procedure were followed.Age,sex and different locations of cysts were widely investigated in each species and then tabulated . Out of 4716 sheep examined, only 31(0.7%) of sheep had cysts, with absence of these cysts in both goats and cattle. However, the vesicles were only present in female sheep. The highest infection rate was found in sheep older than 2 years(1.7%),while the lowest was in sheep younger than one year(0.1%).The heaviest incidence was observed in Febrewery,2009(1.4%)and the lowest was in Jun and July(0.3%). The commonest locations of the cysts were in the mesentery (29%) followed by the uterus (16%) with few cases in other visceral organs.

A study was carried out on Ovine Anaplasmosis in the Sulaimani province of Iraq from September to December2007. Five hundred thin blood smears were prepared form Peripheral blood of sheep in 10 different localities and stained by Giemsa. The prevalence of Anaplasma Ovis was 24 (4.8%) and the rate was highest 8.8% was among animals above 3 years. The infected animal showed mild fever, hyperpnoea and tachycardia. Hematological values of the infected sheep was as follows: Packed cell volume 22 ± 4.75 % , erythrocyte count 6.42 ± 1.35 ×106/ μl , hemoglobin concentration 6.95 ± 1.28 g/dl , mean corpuscular volume 35.5 ± 5.85/ fl , mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration 11..04 ± 2.42/ pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 31.62 ± 6.62 g/dl and WBCs 11.15 ± 2.18× 10³ /μl , serum protein value 5.875 ± 0.801 mg/dl, serum calcium 8.341± 1.029 mg/dl, conjugate serum bilirubin 0.85 ± 0.314 mg/dl and serum cholesterol 57.291 ± 6.153 mg/dl.

A novel purification method of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) based on precipitation using agar-PEG was developed. This method was compared with chloroform extraction and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods. The results showed the protein contents were high with chloroform method followed by agar-PEG then PEG method. The purity of resultant IgY was homogeneous with agar- PEG method followed by PEG method then chloroform extraction method. The IgY purified by agar –PEG method, obtained from hens immunized by formalin-treated S. aureus, showed a significant reduction in bacterial growth and the growth inhibition was dependent on specific-IgY concentration

This study preformed on 74 samples of marine water fishes (24 of Acanthopagrus lalus, 27 of platycephelus indicus and 23 of Cynoglossus arel). Which collected from north west Arabian Gulf of Basrah. All samples were examined for the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in muscles. 24 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained, (33.3%) from Acanthopagrus lalus, (44.4%) from platycephelus indicus, and (17.39%) from Cynoglossus arel. Then all isolates were examined for their ability to hemolytic activity as a virulence factor, the higher percentage of hemolytic activity isolates was found in Acanthopagrus lalus