Ticks collected from domestic cats (Felis catus), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), caracals (Caracal caracal), African wild cats (Felis lybica), black-footed cats (Felis nigripes), a serval (Leptailurus serval), lions (Panthera leo), and leopards (Panthera pardus) were identified and counted. Thirteen species of ixodid ticks and one argasid tick were identified from domestic cats and 17 species of ixodid ticks from wild felids. The domestic cats and wild felids harboured 11 ixodid species in common. The adults of Haemaphysalis elliptica, the most abundant tick species infesting cats and wild felids, were most numerous on a domestic cat in late winter and in mid-summer, during 2 consecutive years. The recorded geographic distribution of the recently described Haemaphysalis colesbergensis, a parasite of cats and caracals, was extended by 2 new locality records in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Halogenated monoterpenes isolated from the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum aegypticus , proved their efficacy as acaricide. Both of Violacene and Mertensene, were adulticides with LC50's, 340.56 ppm and 759.23ppm, respectively, against the cattle tick; Boophilus annulatus adult females. Moreover, they can be used as ovicides. Violacene and Mertensene caused reduction in the hatchability by 96.77% and 95% respectively. Clinico-pathological studies were carried out and showed that Plocamium extract is safe to the host and none-target animals.

Feline serum samples (n = 434) were classified as hypercalcemic, normocalcemic, or hypocalcemic based on both total calcium (tCa) and ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive diagnostic likelihood ratio (PDLR), and negative diagnostic likelihood ratio (NDLR) were calculated for prediction of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia in all samples, in hypoalbuminemic cats, and in those with chronic renal failure (CRF) as compared with cats that had other conditions. Diagnostic discordance in prediction of iCa using tCa was 40%. Sensitivity of tCa in prediction of ionized hypercalcemia was low and specificity was high. The PDLR for prediction of ionized hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia was low in all cats, especially in those with CRF. Due to the high level of diagnostic discordance, tCa should not be used to predict iCa concentration. Concentration of iCa should be measured directly when accurate assessment of calcium status is needed.

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activities of allicin, one of the major essential oils of garlic, against some fish pathogenic bacteria as well as the toxic effect of allicin on monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Allicin 10% v/v solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used in this study. The bacterial species investigated were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii, and Streptococcus iniae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of allicin in DMSO against Aeromonas hydrophila was found to be 125 μg/mL, while ranged between 250–500 μg/mL for each of A. caviae, A. sobria, A. veronii. Interestingly, the MIC for Streptococcus iniae was 63 μg/mL. On contrary, allicin exists no bactericidal activity against any of the investigated bacteria. Allicin had high toxic effect on tilapia fingerlings while adult tilapia could tolerate it.

The haematochemical, histopathological and immunological studies were carried out on chicks experimentally infected with the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) (A/Turkey/CA/209092/02) H5N2. Eighty SPF one day old chicks were serologically negative for specific antibodies against avian influenza virus. The birds were devided into 2 groups, birds in the 1st group were inoculated with the virus via the intraocular and intranasal routs, while the other group was kept as non-infected control. Five birds were sacrificed from both groups at 5, 7, 10, 15, and 21 days post inoculation. Sera and heparinized blood as well as tissue specimens from lung, liver, spleen, trachea, small intestine and bursa of Fabricius were collected. Estimation of haemagglutination inhibition antibodies response against AI, liver and kidney function tests, rate of proliferation of T-lymphocyte were conducted. The experimentally infected birds showed general signs of illness with 80% morbidity and 6 % mortality. There was an increase in aniline aminotransferase (ALT) and asparate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes which reflected liver damage. High urea and creatinine values were also detected in sera of infected birds which proved kidney dysfunction. There was no significant proliferation of T-lymphocyte among examined groups. Very low haemagglutinating inhibiting (HI) antibodies was detected in infected birds. Histopathological examination displayed conspicuous depletion and necrosis of the lymphocytic aggregation in the organs of the haemobiotic system (Bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus). Such finding may decipher the low sero-conversion as well as the unproliferation of T-lymphocyte. The necrobiotic changes in liver and kidney sections in addition to congestion and edema elucidate the increased parameters in their functions. Also, the epithelial hyperplasia of the tracheal mucosa and the sloughing in the lining mucosal epithelium are indicative for the epithelio-tropism of the AI virus.

A total of fifty liver sandwiches served by street vendors and restaurants with different hygienic practices (25 of each), were collected from Giza Governorate. The levels of lead and aluminium residues were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean values of lead residues in cooked liver sandwiches served by each of street vendors and restaurants were 1.68±0.51 and 0.73±0.2 mg/kg; respectively; as well as, it was constituted 6.2±2.1 and 4.3±1.1 mg/kg for aluminum residues, respectively. The levels of lead and aluminum residues in liver sandwiches served by street vendors were high as compared to that detected in restaurants. The sources of contamination with such elements (lead and aluminium) as well as the public health importance were discussed. The suggestive measures to avoid the contamination with such elements in cooked food were recommended.

The purpose of the assignment is to provide technical assistance to support the preparation /strengthening of the currently drafted Integrated National Planning for disease prevention, require-ment from poultry products and required improvements for future. The obtained data here were col-lected from site visits and interviews with project owner as well as official documents and reports.

Rabbit antisera were successfully prepared against chickens; turkey; ducks; geese; pigeons and quails as antispecies and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The ability to use these antisera as homologous and heterologous antispecies was studied through the application of indirect fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) using specific antigens and antibodies of Newcastle; infectious bursal disease virus; duck plague virus; duck hepatitis virus; fowl cholera and pigeon paramyxo virus. The results showed that Titration of the prepared anti avian sera conjugated with FITC induced strong positive FAT reactions up to dilutions of 1:10000; 1:1000; 1: 100000; 1: 1000; 1: 100000 and 1:1000 for anti- chicken; anti-Turkey; ant-duck; ant-goose; anti-pigeon and antiquill sera respectively. It was found that homolgous species anti-sera showed strong positive FAT reaction (green apple fluorescing) scored as 4+ while hetrologous species anti-sera showed less degree of positive reactions ranged from 3+ to ± reaction showing that the usefulness of anti-sera as reagents in serological techniques is limited by the homogeneity and heterogeneity of such antisera. So, the present preparations could be used to low extent as heterologous anti-avian sera.

Clinical examination of 380 rearing sheep revealed that 30 animal were suffering from skin abscesses with an incidence of (7.89%). Bacteriological examination of 30 swabs from affected sheep revealed isolation of 30 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (48.39%) , 18 isolates of S. aureus (29.03%) and 14 isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius (22.58).The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically.The results of animal pathogenicity test showed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were 100% pathogenic to guinea pigs and 80% of S.aureus isolates were pathogenic to mice, while all isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were pathogenic to mice. The dead animals showed haemorrhage and symptoms of septicaemia, C. pseudotuberculosis, S.aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were reisolated from the dead animals. Antimicrobial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis , S. aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates to some antimicrobial agents which usually used in farms showed that from 90% to 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline ,streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampicin while S. aureus isolates (from 55% to 66%) were sensitive to rifampicin,tetracycline ,erythromycin and streptomycin, while S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates were moderately resistant to all used antimicrobial agents.

A total of two hundreds of slaughtered animals; 50 each of cattle buffaloes, sheep and buffalo calves were collected from slaughterhouse Giza. Each animal was represented by muscular part, prenephric fat, liver, and kidneys. The Four Plate Technique (FPT) is intended to detect antimicrobial residues in collected samples. The liver samples showed high detection incidences (30, 16, 16 and 8%) in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively as compared to kidney samples (16, 12, 10 and 6% respectively). The lowest incidence was detected in fat samples (0%) followed by muscle samples (4%). High incidence was detected in medium I followed by medium II and III, finally medium IV as well as medium V which failed to be showed any incidence of detection. The tetracycline residues in tissues of slaughtered animals depend on husbandry as well as on withdrawal time after use. The liver (67 + 15, 50 + 14, 54 + 10 and 3 +0.8) and kidney (63 + 16, 46 + 12, 56 + 12 and 8 + 2) samples in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and buffaloe calves respectively showed high residual levels as compared with muscles and fat. The detection of sulfonamide residues in tissues of slaughtered animals may be attributed to misuse of these compounds for long term in animal feed as well as result in accumulation in animal tissues.