Chlortetracycline (CTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline group of drugs. It is commonly used in the poultry industry for the treatment of bacterial infections and is also used as a growth promoter. This study was aimed at validating the sensitive HPLC method for the assay of CTC in chicken plasma. The method consisted of isocratic elution with separation using a C]8 column. The mobile phase used in the study was aqueous oxalic acid (0.03M), acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 60:30:10. The HPLC conditions included a flow rate of Iml/min with UVdetection at 375nm. CTC in chicken plasma was extracted with Mcllvaine buffer followed by dilution with water in the ratio of 1:1 andfiltered using 0.22p filters. The peak of chlortetracycline was noticed at 5-6 minis. The method was linear from 0.05mg/ml to 10mg/ml. The recovery percentage from plasma was recorded as 110%. Thus, from this study it is inferred that this method is optimal for the assay of CTC in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies.

Ricinoleic acid, a toxic compound found in castor seeds (Ricinus communis L.), can be lethal when inhaled, ingested, or injected at doses of 5-10 pg/kgto human or animals. This study presents a validated, rapid, and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methodfor its quantification. Separation was achieved on silica gel 60 F254plates using a mobile phase oftoluene, ethyl acetate and acetate acid (6:4:0.2 v/v/v). Densitometric scanning at 450 nm detected ricinoleic acid with an Rfvalue of 0.66 (±0.04). Linearity was observed in the range of 20-100 ng/spot with R = 0.998 ± 2.62%.  

Gymnema sylvestre, Annona muricata and Ocimum sanctum are well known plants available in India and they are commonly used for the treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus. A study was conducted to assess the hypoglycemic effect of a polyherbal extract containing these plants (at two different doses of300 and 600 mg/kg bwt) compared with metformin as a standard hypoglycemic drug at a dose of 100 mg/kg bwt in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. As a part of the study, the effect of the polyherbal extract on the renal and hepatic functions was tested in rats. The serum parameters both ALT and AST values in rats were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diabetic rats treated with polyherbal extract at 300 mg/kg bwt when compared to Groups I, II and III. BUN values were significantly higher in diabetic and metformin treated groups. Creatinine did not differ significantly among different groups. In conclusion, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, the polyherbal extract at 300 and 600 mg/kg bwt had no hepatoprotective action. But the same doses had some renal protective function.

A six year old female buffalo was presented with history ofparturition before 4 days and accidental feeding of about 4 litres own colostrum by the owner. Clinical examination revealed anorexia, circling, excitation and wandering behavior, mucoid hard sticky feces, absence of water intake and ruminal atony. pH of ruminal fluid was 8.5. The buffalo was successfully treated with vinegar, multivitamin, chlorpheneramine maleate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and fluid therapy and recovery was seen on 3rd day. In conclusion, colostrum feeding in adult buffalo can cause alkaline indigestion which can be successfully treated with vinegar and supportive fluid therapy.

A one and half year, female, non descriptive dog was presented to Veterinary College Hospital, Hassan with the history of incoordination, drowsiness and vomiting after accidental oral administration ofAmitraz liquid (RIDD®) by the owner. On physical examination animal was dull and depressed. Sedation (drowsiness) and hypothermia was noticed with the rectal temperature of 98.8°E Hemato-biochemical findings were within the normal range. Based on history and clinical signs, the case was diagnosed as amitrazpoisoning and animal was treated with Yohimbine Hydrochloride at the rate of 0.2 mg per Kg body weight intramuscularly and activated charcoal per orally, along with the supportive therapy. Animal was completely recovered after 5 days of treatment.

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) has devastating outcomes on ruminant health and impacts on national and international trade. The current work assessed the diagnostic value of the VersaTREK automated liquid culture system in isolating Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) from faecal and intestinal tissue samples from ovine under South African conditions and compared it with the current method of choice, histopathological examination. Intestinal tissue and faecal samples from 111 sheep (including complete set from 104 slaughter sheep from flocks with a history of MAP infection as well as incomplete sample sets from 7 sheep) were analysed using the liquid culture method. One set of tissues was subjected to histopathological examination. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from culture isolates was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers that target the IS900 regions of the MAP for species verification. Overall, the VersaTREK automated liquid culture in combination with IS900 PCR showed a comparable level of detection in tissues (12.6%) as histopathology (13.5%), but the detection rate for faecal samples was lower than for tissues (10.8%). A combination of histopathology and faecal culture increased the detection rate from 13.5% (n = 14/104) and 9.6% (n = 10/104), respectively, to 15.4% (n = 16/104). Contribution: Our findings highlight the diagnostic utility of the VersaTREK automated liquid culture system in detecting MAP in ovine samples collected both ante and postmortem. However, an inhibitory effect on the MAP isolation rate observed when the antibiotic cocktail was added to the culture medium warrants further investigation. The outcome of the study is beneficial in guiding the strategic planning of the nationwide control programme.

In recent decades, proper and high-quality food rations have been important factors in the development of the shrimp industry, its growth and maintaining its health. Since, macroalgae and probiotics play significant role in aquaculture development.This study investigates the synergistic effect of a premixed extract of brown macroalgae (Sargassum ilicifolium،Nizimuddinia zanardini،Padina australis, and Cystoseira Indica, MPE) and probiotic Bacillus subtilis IS0 (P) on the growth performance, and digestive activity in Litopenaeus vannamei. In this study, 2400 post-larvae with an average weight of 1.29±0.28 mg were randomly distributed at a density of 100 individuals in 8 experimental groups with 3 replications for each group. The control group received a diet without MPE and P, while the other groups were fed diets containing 15 g kg-1 of MPE, 1 g 100g-1 of P (P1), 2 g 100g-1 of P (P2), 3 g 100g-1 of P (P3), MPE+P1, MPE+P2, and MPE+P3 respectively for 60 days. The results showed that the groups fed MPE+P2 and MPE+P3 had the highest specific growth rates (SGR), final weights (FW) and weight gains (WG), which were significantly different from the control and other experimental groups (p<0.05). The MPE+P2 group also had the highest enzyme activities for lipase (2.02±1.37 U mL-1 protein) and protease (76.37±883.33 U mL-1 protein) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the Simultaneous use of extracts from brown macroalgae and probiotic Bacillus subtilis at a concentration of 2 g 100-1 g of diet improved growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of shrimp.

Oregano is an aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean region of Europe and Asia which is rich in plant chemical compounds including carvacrol and thymol, as well as phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. In this study, the effects of using oregano essential oil niosomal nanocarriers on the lipid peroxidation and the plasma antioxidant defense of Cyprinus fingerlings were investigated. A total of 240 common carp fingerling were fed in four groups, i.e., basic diet (control group), basic diet+0.05 (T1),+0.1 (T2),+1.5 g/Kg (T3) nano-niosomal oregano powder. On day 30 and day 60, the amount of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly reduced in the treatments that had oregano added to their diet compared to the control group (p<0.0001). By ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, a significant increase in the antioxidant capacity of plasma was observed on day 60 in the T2 (p=0.0003) and T3 (p<0.0001) compared to the control group.

The main purpose of this study was to survey on achieving recombinant DNA vaccine (live delivery) against Streptococcusis for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Immunization. Initially, a total of 515 samples were collected from the head kidney of diseased fish (weighing 50_200g) in 72 farms in 8 provinces. Approximately, 40% (206 samples) of specimens were infected with Streptococcus species. Then isolated 172 DNA samples were and consequently, five pathogenic species have been identified, including Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalatiae, and Streptococcus uberis. The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) has recently been discovered to play an important role in polysaccharide capsule production and virulence in S. iniae. Therefore, S. iniae was initially isolated S. iniae and cloned the phosphoglucomutase gene. Then, the PGM gene was amplified successfully and cloned in the pTZ57R cloning vector. The recombinant plasmid was subcloned into the pETD uet-l expression vector by restriction enzymes and confirmed by PCR. Meanwhile, for amplifying simA and cpsD genes were used universal primers pNZ8148 and special for simA and cpsD genes. The recombinant bacteria Lactococcus lactis (NZ9000) was used to transform the plasmid into L. lactis. Vaccination was performed by bath and injection (peritoneal) methods. The efficiency of g2 was better than g1in these two methods and in all of the groups. The detection of anti S. iniae antibody and determination of IgM level was carried out by using ELISA. The results revealed that there was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the level of IgM in both two methods and experiment groups compared to the control group. The results of the challenge of vaccinating fish with S. iniae showed that fish RPS in all groups were more than 50 percent while in the control group was 21.43 percent. The highest fish RPS belonged to group 5(61.25 percent) and statistical analyses revealed a significant (p<0.05) difference between fish vaccinated RPS, compared to the control group.

Temperature significantly influences the distribution and survival of bivalve populations, with elevated temperatures resulting in increased mortality rates. Research indicates that temperature fluctuations can markedly affect bivalve immune responses, including gene expression, hemocyte concentrations, and overall immunocompetence. Higher temperatures impair immune functions, leading to decreased phagocytic activity, compromised immune parameters, and disrupted metabolic processes, which collectively contribute to increased mortality. Understanding the relationship between temperature stress and bivalve survival is crucial for effective population management and for developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts on bivalve populations in changing ecosystems.