The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Giardia species infection in cattle and human. One hundred of animal fecal samples and 139 human stool samples were collected from different veterinary clinics and its related hospitals respectively. All samples were undergone to microscopically examination by; direct smears in 0.90% Na Cl solution, Lugol's iodine stain for cyst detection and formol-ether concentration. 9 (28.1%) calves from 32 were positive in microscopic examination by the used techniques. 25% of the examined fecal samples of cattle (17/68) were containing cysts of Giardia species by microscope. 39 of 139 (28.1%) of human stool samples were found infected by this protozoon. Regarding the sex of human cases, 26.30% of examined males were positive while 30.20% of females were positive. The age factor in human infection was clear; the age group of 11 to 20 years were the more infected than the other group (1- 10ys). There is no relation between form of human stool and infection rate. ELISA kits confirmed that 6 % of animal cases and 15.8% of human were positive. The epidemiological aspects were discussed in the study.

Buxtonella sulcata (Jameson, 1926) is an intestinal protozoan of large ruminants, with scanty information and contradictious reports about its pathogenesity. This work aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of B. sulcata in Egypt. Forty eight cases collected from cattle (n= 29) and buffaloes (n= 19) from El-Mahalla El-Kubra area, Al-Gharbiya province. Samples were examined for the presence B. sulcata. The overall infection rate was 41.6% (20/48), in cattle 48.2% (14/29) and in buffalo 31.5% (6/19). This is the first study on B. sulcata in Egyptian ruminants also highlights the situation of intestinal ciliates of ruminant animals and provides basic information for the future work of intestinal ciliates of animals and man

This work was applied on sixty cheese samples represented by Kareish ,cheddar and Romano cheeses (20 of each).The samples were submitted to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for qualitative and quantitative determination of biogenic amines .The results were summarized as Kareish cheese has higher concentrations of Tyramine and Cadaverine in low and high levels of manufacturing quality ( 29.64 ± 1.72 and 9.91 ± 0.60 mg/100gm) and (17.48 ± 1.09 and 5.61± 0.37 mg/100gm) respectively, Meanwhile, Histamine level was higher in both levels of Romano cheese (22.96 ± 1.17 and 18.35± 1.12 mg/100gm) respectively. Putrescine represented in high levels in cheddar cheese (13.40 ± 1.02 and 10.61 ± 0.74 mg/100gm) respectively. Comparing with the Egyptian Organization for Standardization"EOS" (1996), all the cheese samples were not exceeded the permissible level of Cadaverine in contrast with the other biogenic amines. The study concluded that presence of high concentrations of biogenic amines reflect the bad hygienic conditions under which they produced and stored

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginger (zingiber officinale) in preventing oxidative stress ,lipid peroxidation and changes in trace elements induced by cadmium toxicity in male rabbits . For this purpose twenty four of adult male rabbits were divided randomly in to four groups ( 6 in each). Group 1 was given distilled water and considered as control group, group 2 received ( 10mg/kg B.w) of cadmium chloride , group 3 received ( 100mg/ kg B.w) of ginger extract plus (10mg/kg B.w) of cadmium chloride , group 4 received (200mg/ kg B.w) of ginger extract plus of cadmium chloride(10mg/kg B.w) . All treatments were orally given a single dose for 35 days. The water and food were provided add libitum. After the end of the treatment blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis to estimate serum Malondialdehyde ( MDA) , Antioxidant activity (Glutathione , Superoxide dismutase and Catalase ) and Trace elements (Zinc, Copper and Iron ) . The result showed that the administration of cadmium chloride resulted in a high concentration of malondialdehyde ( MDA) and caused a significant decrease in both superoxide dismutase and catalase and reduced glutathione. Serum levels of trace elements were also significantly decreased. While , ginger extract administration and cadmium chloride increased and restored their levels to near normal in comparing with cadmium chloride treated rabbits.

An investigation into ectoparasites of sheep and goats was carried out in Duhok province North West region of Iraq, during six months of a year, from January to June 2010. One thousand and two hundred forty eight (1248) sheep and 954 goats in 110 flocks from 80 villages were examined. Among them overall animals (66.89%) were infested with one or more species of ectoparasites. Of 720 (57.7%) and of 753 (78.9%) sheep and goats, respectively were infested. Five different types of ectoparasites, ticks (46.7%, 34.9%), lice (3.8%, 33.8%), mites (7.1%, 0.1%), fleas (2.8%, 7.75%) and ked (1.2%, 4.5%) were identified sheep and goats, respectively. Five species of hard ticks (Ixodidae) were identified in both sheep and goats, namely Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicun (48.37%, 13.5%), H. marginatum (18.01%, 8.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineous (21.09%, 39.93%), R. turanicus (16.8%, 49.54%) and Haemaphysalis ssp. (2.5%, 0.9%). Two species of lice were infested each one of animal these namely, Damalinia Ovis (75%) and Linognathus stenopsis (33.3%) on sheep, and D. caprae (80.74%) and L.stenopsis (19.2%) on goats. Sheep were highly infested with two species of mites, Sarcoptes scabiei (25.84%) and Psoroptes Ovis (74.15%) than the goats, which one goat was found (0.1%) infested with S. scabiei. Three species of fleas were found infested both sheep and goats. Out of 106 collected fleas (47.2%, 43.4%, 9.4%) were Ctenocephalides felis felis, Pulex irritans and Xenopsylla cheopis, respectively. However, the only one species of Ked Melophagus ovinus were infested (1.2%) of sheep and (4.5%) of goats.

Fourty fresh water grass carp fish weighing about (35.75 ± 0.60) g were obtained from fish aquaria by, Marine Science Center, University of Basrah, Iraq. First the. Fish were individually examined for external necrosis and infections. Healthy and see it very active in the study. The physiochemical characteristics of water used for acclimation in control and polluted water that were used for the fish of experiment were daily recorded. The results of the present study show that the blood parameters ( RBC and WBC counts and Hb content) for fresh water grass carp fish were greater than those values of polluted water grass carp fish and also show increased number of dead fish among polluted grass carp, in reverse of fresh water ones. Physicochemical characteristics of water did not affect the result

A substantial advance in our understanding on the estrogen signaling occurred in the last decade. Estrogens interact with two receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, also known as ERα and ERβ, respectively. ESR1 and ESR2 belong to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. 24 male mice divided into four groups as following : negative control, low dose group, intermediate dose group and high dose group, the groups of treatment were injected with estrogen at different doses while the negative control group were injected with normal saline (by method of intramuscular injection for all groups) and after 6 weeks all animals had been killed and the prostate was picked up and sectioned to reveal the histopathological changes. the study found that the injection of exogenous estrogen result in marked hyperplasia of the prostatic tissue and the hyperplasia increased significantly with elevation of the estrogen dose. In conclusion injection of exogenous estrogen lead to prostate hyperplasia through its action on the estrogen receptors which present in both stromal and epithelial component of the prostate

The aim of this study investigate the effects of long term administration of Dexamethasone (DEX.) 17 β-estradiol (EST.) on body weight, concentration of some hormones ( Leptin, thyroid and reproductive hormone) in addition to determination of lipid profile of female rabbits blood serum. Thirty local rabbits were subdivided randomly and equally into three groups. The first group was used as a control which injected with normal saline . The second group was injected daily (0.5mg /kg B.W) DEX . Intramuscularly. The third group was injected subcutaneously daily with 0.3 mg /kg B.W s/c 17 β-estradiol. All groups in this study were treated for 60 days , and blood collected every 15 days. Serum was tested for leptin, LH, FSH, T3, T4 hormones total Cholesterol(TC), HDL(height density lipo-protein), LDL (low density lipo- protein),TG (triglycerides), Body weight was taken every 15 days from the first day . The result showed significant (P≤0.05) decreased in body weight after administration of both dexamethasone (DEX.) and Estrogen (EST.), significant increased in leptin concentration with dexamethasone (DEX.) Treatment while significant decreased with Estrogen (EST.) treatment, in the other hand LH and FSH concentration showed significant decreased in both treatment dexamethasone (DEX.) and Estrogen (EST.) thyroid hormone show significant decreased with dexamethasone (DEX.) Treatment and significant increased T3 & T4 hormone with Estrogen (EST.) treatment as compare with control while the increase in the T4 it was occurred only in the periods (45and 60)days within treatment groups , lipid profile (TC,TG,LDL, HDL,VLDL) show significant increased with DEX. treatment while Significant decreased with EST. treatment

The study designed to use high cholesterol diet to male rats(Rattus norvegicus) and asses the ability of the different concentrations of taurine to protect the reproduction from the harmful effect of hypercholesterolemia during 4 weeks of treatment .Thirty six adult male rats were used, randomly divided into six equal groups (six for each)as control and five treatment groups. Control of animals were fed on the standard ration. First treated group was supplied with the standard ration in addition to 1.5% taurine . Second treated group was supplied with standard ration in addition to 1.5% cholesterol .Third, Fourth and Fifth treated groups were supplied with standard ration in addition to 1.5% cholesterol and 2,3and 4% taurine /kg ration respectively and were handled for four weeks. At the end of the experiment the blood serum samples were collect and FSH, LH, testosterone and estrogen levels were taken and sperm vitality was recorded in addition to the weight of testis and epididymis were recorded. The results revealed to the positive role of taurine in protection of reproductive from the pad effect of hypercholesterolemia in male rats .The taurine led to increase in Gonadotropin hormones FSH and LH in addition to the testosterone after it has been reduced due to cholesterol in the ration and as a results to gonadotropin and testosterone hormone improvement ,the sperm viability was improved as well after it was decline due to high cholesterol addition in experimental

Thirty local female rabbits were divided randomly and equally into three groups. The 1st group used as control which injected with phosphate buffer salin. The 2nd group was injected daily with leptin (5μg/animal) S/c. The 3rd group was injected subcutaneously daily with (10μg/animal) S/c. All groups were treated for 60 days, and blood samples were collected every 15 days, serum was tested for T3, T4 hormones, total Cholesterol (TC), HDL (height density lipo-protein) , LDL (low density lipo- protein), TG (triglycerides) and Body weight was taken every 15 days during the experiment . The result show significant (P≤0.05) decreased in body weight after administration of leptin in two doses. Significant increased in Thyroid hormone after leptin administration. While lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL, HDL,VLDL) show significant decreased with leptin treatment(5 and 10μg/animal) S/c.