Forty five, 21-day-old balady chick were used in this experiment. Chicks were divided into three equal groups. The 1st group used as control. The 2nd and 3rd groups were supplemented with lead (Pb) acetate (1500 ppm) in drinking water but the latter group received ration containing 20% barley. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein after 1, 2 and 3 weeks. RBCs count Hb concentration and PCV were significantly decreased in group II during the experimental period. RBCs indices showed a significant decrease in MCH and MCHC in group II after 2 and 3 week of experiment. Leukogram showed heteropenia and moncytopenia. Total protein values showed significant decrease in group II due to decrease in serum albumin level after 2 and 3 week of experiment. Significant increase in activity of liver enzymes AST & ALT and serum uric acid were observed in group II after 3 weeks of experiment. Measurement of serum level of malondialhyde (MDA) revealed a significant increase in group II after 2 weeks of experiment while the total antioxidant capacity (TAO) showed significant decrease in group II after 2 and 3 weeks of experiment. Results of the lead residues in the experimental groups revealed that lead residue in muscle, liver and kidney were rise in group II compared with groups I and III.

Twenty tails of buffaloes were used in this study from apparently healthy adult animals. They are dissected to reveal their arteries and veins. Fourteen photographs illustrated the results in the study. The study revealed that the arterial supply of the tail comes from the median caudal, superficial caudal, deep caudal, dorsolateral caudal arteries and the tail is drained by five caudal veins; median caudal, two ventrolateral caudal and two lateral caudal veins.

Ten tails of buffaloes were used in this study from apparently healthy adult animals. They were dissected to reveal their nerve supply. Eight photographs illustrated the results in the study. The study revealed that there are five pairs of caudal nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the tail are demonstrated.

Different species of trypanosomes may infect their mammalian hosts both singly or in combination. This study was undertaken to determine the trypanosome species that may be afflicting pigs in Uganda. Blood was collected from pigs of all ages and sexes from two districts, Kasese in Western and Jinja in Central Uganda. Of the 133 pig blood samples from Kasese that were tested for trypanosomes using the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT), none was found to be infected. However, of the 253 pigs from Jinja district, nine were infected with trypanosomes of which three had T. vivax as determined by MHCT. However, application of the ITS1 rDNA PCR test revealed that eight pigs had T. vivax in mixed infections and one pig had T. vivax monolithic infection. These observations show that under certain circumstances, pigs may be important reservoirs for, as well as hosts to, T. vivax, contrary to earlier reports.

Two fish pathogens, namely Listonella anguillarum (Vibrio anguillarum) and Vibrio vulnificus, which were beta-haemolytic, hemagglutinating with 1% D-mannose and hydroxamate siderophore producer were used in this study. The extracellular products (ECPs) of both species were of high enzymatic and haemolytic activities. SDS-PAGE analysis of ECPs of L. anguillarumand V. vulnificus revealed 4 band (20.7 to 47.5kDa) and 2 bands (30.1 to 46kDa) respectively. The cumulative mortalities in O. niloticus produced by crude ECPs of L. anguillarum (0.2ml/fish; 2.4mg protein /ml) and V. vulnificus (0.2ml/fish; 1.6mg protein /ml) were 90% and 80%. Heat treatment of ECPs of L. anguillarum and V. vulnificus at 56°C for 30 min reduced the mortalities to 30% and 20%, respectively. LD50 values in O. niloticus using crude and heat treated ECPs of L. anguillarum were 1.7 and 3.9 ^g protein/g fish; while those of V. vulnificus were 1.34 and 2.8 ^g protein /g fish, respectively. Injection of levamisole at a dose of 5mg/Kg fish, concurrently with ECPs of L. anguillarum and V. vulnificus resulted in subsidence of the mortality percentages from 90 to 40 and from 80 to 30, respectively. Ten laying hens were immunized with ECPs of L. anguillarum for preparation of specific egg immunoglobulins. The total protein content of IgY preparations collected from eggs of hens immunized with ECPs of L. anguillarum reached its peak 2 weeks post 3rd booster dose (3.820 ± 0.0700 g/dl). The molecular weight of separated protein bands of IgY preparations ranged from 183-191kDa. Fish injected (I/P) with specific anti ECPs IgY of L. anguillarum (4 mg/ fish) followed by I/P injection of ECPs of L. anguillarum (0.2 ml/fish; 2.4 mg protein /ml) showed a 10% mortality rate, while those challenged after receiving specific anti ECPs (100 mg/ kg B.W. orally) showed no mortalities.

Merthiolate (Thiomersal) is known to be used as antimicrobial agent in inactivated vaccines without affecting vaccine potency. The present work investigated the effect of thiomersal contents in ND, AI and IBD inactivated vaccines on liver and kidney functions of vaccinated birds. The histopathological effect and the withdrawal time of such mercurial product from vaccinated chicken muscles were also investigated. Results revealed that residual thiomersal contents in ND, AI and IBD were 0.03; 0.02 and 0.03mg/ml respectively. Liver and kidney function parameters showed significant increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) up to the 4th week post vaccination. Serum urea was significantly decreased on the 3rd week in vaccinated birds compared to control ones. Significant increase in serum creatinine in vaccinated chickens was recorded on the 5th week post vaccination. Liver and kidney functions’ parameters remain high allover the experimental period (8 weeks). The histopathological examination of liver specimens revealed degeneration of hepatic cells and congestion of the central vein with inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion of blood vessels as well as coagulative necrosis. The spleen of vaccinated chickens showed depletion of lymphocytes while lungs showed thickening of the alveolar. Mercury contents in muscle were 0.72, 0.52; 0.046 and 0.00 mg/kg on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week post last vaccination that considered safe to the consumer. It is recommended that vaccinated poultry with inactivated vaccines containing thiomersal should not be slaughtered before at least 4 weeks and it is preferable to use combined inactivated vaccines to reduce the thiomersal contents as possible.

Our field studies had been carried out after in vitro antibiogram of E. coli to compare the effect of pulmotil (macroloide), enerofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) and doxycycline (tetracycline) in controlling mycoplasma and E. coli as a cause of CRD in broilers. The drugs were used in single or in combination. Two doses at the 3rd and 23rd day of age on performance of commercial broiler Ross derived from mycoplasma SPA-test positive breeders and E. coli positive isolation at the 1st day of age. The prevalence of marked air sac gross lesions in non treated control group indicated the development of CRD and severity of lesions increased with age. The used drugs played a role in controlling infection as treated groups showed milder lesions while more sever lesions were in doxycycline treated group. Protection against mortality was less in the treated pins than untreated ones. Cumulative culls % was low (1.1) in pen treated with enrofloxacin, (1.5) in pulmotil + enrofloxacin, (1.6) in doxycycline, and (1.7) in pulmotil + enrofloxacin; while pulmotil and control were the same (2.2%). Losses expressed as total mortality and culls % were the lowest in pulmotil + enrofloxacin and enrofloxacin (3.2 and 3.6), other treated pins showed the same values (4.2), while the highest was in non treated ones (5.8%). Average Body wt. in pulmotil + enrofloxacin, pulmotil, and enrofloxacin treated pens were higher (1934, 1924 and 1819 gm) than doxycycline (1802 gm), Pulmotil + Doxycycline (1705 gm) and non treated control (1708 gm). CFCR in pulmotil or enrofloxacin and in combination medicated pens were higher than other treatments and non medicated pen. Average day/ week/ gain in control non treated was equal to that of pulmotil or enrofloxacin (65g), slight lower value was in their combination (63g) followed by 58 g in doxycycline. The lowest ADG /w/g value was in pulmotil + doxycycline (52 g). Calculated EEF of treated and non medicated pens were higher than > 280. The medicated pens with either pulmotil or/ enrofloxacin and there compilation were superior (333, 313 and 330; respectively) and close to the farm stander (346). This study pointed out that E. coli, and Mycoplasma with life ND vaccine reduced broiler performance and the used drugs were of values in control such infections. The in vitro antibiotics sensitivity testing of E. coli is important to obtain good results and drug combinations must be carefully performed.

A retrospective study including reproductive and productive data of 1587 primiparous Holstein cows covering a period of eight years. The reproductive data ( interval to 1st service, service period, days open, number of inseminations per conception and calving interval ) and the productive data ( total milk yield, average daily milk yield and 305 day milk yield) were studied as a function of age at first calving and postpartum disorders. Furthermore, other data including life span longevity, number of parities, the cumulative productive days and the average calving interval were also studied as a function of age at first calving. Cows were classified according to the age at first calving into young age calvers (< 24 months), mid age calvers (> 24-28 months) and old age calvers (> 28 months). The obtained data were statistically analyzed, tabulated and discussed. The overall mean age at first calving was 26.68 months in Holstein cows under Egyptian circumstances. Most of first calving (90%) were recorded in cows less than 30 month of age. The results indicated that, the young age calvers tend to have prolonged interval to 1st service, days open and calving interval and the reverse was correct in old age calvers. The postpartum disorders had significantly detrimental effects on the reproductive performance among the different age groups. Young age calvers had a higher incidence of postpartum disorders than those of mid - age calvers and much higher than had the old age group. The postpartum disorders were associated with high milk production specially in mid and old age calvers which may indicate the high predisposition of superior producer cows to postpartum disorders. Life span, longevity, number of parities and the cumulative production days were found to be increased as a function of age at first calving. Meanwhile, the average calving interval of the young age calvers was longer than the other two age groups. Finally, it was recommended to avoid insemination of maiden Holstein heifers less than 17 month of age specially those having superior productive traits.