This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on chlamydiae, which are intracellular bacteria belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Whole-genome sequencing leads to great increases in the available data about Chlamydia spp. Recently, novel chlamydial taxons in various hosts living in different environments have been recognised. New species and taxons with Candidatus status have been recorded mainly in birds and reptiles. Chlamydia gallinacea is an emerging infectious agent in poultry with indirectly confirmed zoonotic potential. Recently, a new group of avian C. abortus strains with worldwide distribution in various wild bird families has been described. The definition of C. abortus species became outdated with the discovery of these strains and has been amended. It now includes two subgroups, mammalian and avian, the latter including all isolates hitherto referred to as atypical C. psittaci or C. psittaci/C. abortus intermediates.

Inflammatory cutaneous disorders have frequently been subjected to treatment trials with very limited success by pharmaceutical intervention, such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nevertheless, the latter drugs might be usual suspects for undesirable side effects. In an attempt to overcome those side effects, natural nutraceuticals are being investigated by the present researchers group. In this scenario, 5 different set of nutraceutical interventions [were numbered by their relevant usage order as Nutr-i1 to Nutr-i5] via rectal enema was deemed available at the present study as a novel protocol for pro-active treatment of cutaneous adverse food reactions (caFr) among dogs involved. In a total of 10 dogs with caFr, at the age of 2 to 7 years old, of both sexes, from various breeds diagnosis was based on i) in vitro serum testing for selected/specific IgE ii) intradermal testing different antigens, iii) elimination diet trial and iv) treatment based respond evaluation. Pruritus, as a vast majority presented clinical sign, scoring deemed available visual analog scale (pVaS). Mean (  ± Sd) pVaS scores showed significant decreases after treatment in contrast to prior values [1.4 ± 1.27 vs.7.7 ± 1.62, respectively (p<0.005)]. As discussed herein in the whole manuscript, all Nutr-i1 to Nutr-i5 protocols showed pro-active treatment efficacy, which could contribute to novel protocol establishment.

In this study, 30 honey specimens were collected from some provinces of East-Southeast Anatolia to investigate the residue of neonicotinoid type insecticide. After the collected honey specimens were extracted with the liquid-liquid extraction method, the analyzes were carried out in a High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) device. According to the analysis results, Acetamiprid in honey samples was observed to be in the range of 0.93-4.98 μg/kg. These results were found to be below the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) value of 5 μg/kg according to FAO/WHO and Turkish Food Codex (TGK). It was determined that the results obtained for other analytes were insignificant and were in accordance with the residue limits of neonicotinoids in honey.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intratesticularly administered lidocaine and bupivacaine in castration in cats. 20 cats were divided into two groups regardless of breed and age. 80 microgram/kg medetomidine injection was administered for sedation. 4 mg/kg lidocaine or 1 mg/kg bupivacaine were injected intratesticularly in lidocaine and bupivacaine groups respectively. Castration was performed with routine methods. The reactions of the animals to the incision and the extraction of the funiculus spermaticus were recorded. After the operation, the animals were awakened by atipamezole. The pulse rate, respiratory rate and pain scores were evaluated for 6 hours at half-hour intervals. UNESP-Botucatu cat pain scale, Grimace cat pain scale and Glasgow cat pain scale were used to evaluate pain scores. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in Grimace and Glasgow pain scores at the 150th min. and 180th min. postoperative evaluations (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in Botucatu pain score at the 60th, 90th, 150th, 180th, 300th and 330th min. (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the pulse and respiration values ​​(p>0.05). As a result, it was determined that bupivacaine should be preferred to lidocaine for long-lasting surgical procedures and postoperative analgesia due to its long duration of action.

In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of α-2 agonists used for sedation in cats, namely medetomidine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine, on intraocular pressure. Two study groups, each containing 17 animals, were formed. One of the groups was treated with 80 µg/kg medetomidine hydrochloride, and the other group with 40 µg/kg dexmedetomidine, via IM route. The animals underwent intraocular pressure measurement before sedative agent administration (T), at the time of vomiting (T1), after vomiting (T2), at 40th minute (T3), at 60th minute (T4), and 20 minutes after atipamezol administration (T5). There was no significant difference between intra-group intraocular pressure measurements taken at different times and inter-group IOP mesaurements taken at the same time points (P>0.05). A numerical increase occurred in intraocular pressure after vomiting, and intraocular pressure was found to be lower during sedation than at the baseline. In conclusion, it was determined that the administration of medetomidine hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine via intramuscular route for sedation reduced intraocular pressure but the levels remained within reference range.

Lead is one of the most important pollutants in the environment and food chain. This heavy metal causes serious health risks, especially cancer, in humans and animals. Taurine is an amino acid that can be synthesized mainly from methionine and cysteine and is used especially in the food industry. This study investigated the possible protective role of taurine on reproductive performance and DNA damage in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to lead. Lead and taurine were added to the broth of D. melanogaster at 100 µM and 3 mM, respectively, for 15 days. The Comet method was used for the determination of DNA damage. It was found that there was raise in DNA damage in the lead-administered groups, whereas taurine reduced the DNA damage induced by lead. In addition, it was determined that lead caused a decrease, whereas taurine had a positive effect on reproductive performance. As a result, it was determined that taurine prevented the negative effects of lead on D. melanogaster and showed protective properties.

Diamin oxidase (dAo) as a valuable biomarker, and a mirror of the integrity/mucosal function of the small intestine (sint). The levels of dAo in the serum and mucosa of the sint could be capable of determining as an assessment of sint barrier function. Given better understanding of gut-brain-skin axis in veterinary internal medicine field, relevant data is lacking through dogs with atopic dermatitis (atode) in which resarches focus and rely on skin changes. However more data is crucial, which prompted the present author to perform this study and analyzed the relationship between integrity/mucosal function of sint to those of dogs with atode. Dogs enrolled and classified as suggested criterion for mild (10), moderate (35) and severe (60) skin lesions scoring based on CADESI-04. Commercially available Canine Diamine Oxidase ELISA Kit were purchased for dAo analytes. As detected by Quantitave Competitive ELISA, dAo levels (ng/mL) were detected as 5,28±1,19, 2,594±0,76 and 1,28±0,22, with a statistical significance of Group III in contrast to Group I, suggesting that as severity of the atode elevates, circulating dAo levels were declined in correlation. It should not be unwise to draw preliminary suggestion that dAo levels could alter in relationship with disease activity in dogs with atode. This alterations, mainly deduction, should reflect diasease activity, in which dogs in Group III (severe atode) represented lowest dAo values in contrasto to other classfied groups of disease.

The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between milk somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC), milk glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum paraoxonase (PON) levels, to identify the role of these parameters in subclinical mastitis at cows in the first 100 days of lactation. Animal material of this study consists of 100 Holstein dairy cows which were raised in a farm in Ankara province. Selected animals were hosted under same conditions and had suitable feeding regimen for appropriate period and were in the first 100 days of lactation. Cows which have less than 200x103 somatic cell counts in two different analysis which performed 7-10 days apart considered as healthy (n=50), and which had 200x103 somatic cell counts in two different counts performed 7-10 days apart considered as subclinical mastitis (n=50). Serum paraoxonase (PON) activity was lower in cows with subclinical mastitis than healthy ones (p<0.001), and GSH-Px activity was higher in cows with subclinical mastitis (p<0.001). It was concluded that the changes in milk SOD and GSH-Px levels are affected by the antioxidant system of the udder in subclinical mastitis, that formed oxidative stress and because of that serum PON and milk somatic cell and total bacteria have negative correlation. In conclusion, it was pointed out that serum PON activity can be used as a marker in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis and evaluation of the antioxidant status of the udder. Also, it was stood out to importance of udder antioxidant mechanisms to understand pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis especially occurs in first 100 days of lactation.

The whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, dwells in the caecum and infrequently the colon in the dog. The present study aimed to detect trichuriasis in shelter dogs in Kirikkale province, Türkiye. The other reports originated from Türkiye on trichuriasis were addressed together with the results. The investigation was conducted from January through December of 2022. The faecal samples were obtained from 200 dogs (mixed breed, older than 1 year) from two different shelters in Kirikkale. The faecal samples were analysed by centrifugal flotation both zinc sulfate and saturated salt solution. Trichuris spp. eggs were only found in 0.5% of the faeces (1/200), while other parasite eggs or oocysts were found in 21.5% of the faeces examined (43/200). The eggs of Toxocara spp. (6%, 12/200), Toxascaris sp. (2.5%, 5/200), Taenia spp. (2.5%, 5/200), hookworm eggs (0.5%, 1/200), Isospora spp. oocysts (11%) (22/200) and Sarcocystis spp. sporocysts (0.5%, 1/200) were detected. Only 3/200 (1.5%) of the dogs evaluated had mixed infections. Regarding the detection of all parasite eggs and oocysts, the zinc sulfate flotation technique outperformed the flotation with saturated salt solution. Canine trichuriasis has rarely been reported in Türkiye. The results of this study also support the previous reports.