In the present study, it was aimed to apply minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in the treatment of diaphyseal tibia fractures in cats and to evaluate recovery and complications postoperatively. Minimally invasive fracture repair preserves the blood supply of fragments and periosteal tissues which help to result faster healing, less morbidity, and rapid recovery of limb function. The study was conducted on 12 cats with diaphyseal tibia fracture. After closed reduction of the fractures of the cats included in the study, two small incisions were made from the proximal and distal tibia to expose the bone tissue. Plate placement was performed percutaneously through these insicion areas. The plate was fixed with two screws from the proximal and distal incision line and the fixation of the fracture line was ensured. Soft bandage was applied for 5 days postoperatively and animals caged to restrict movements for 3 weeks. X-rays were taken at regular intervals postoperatively and fracture healing was evaluated. In the controls, it was seen that the animals started to use their legs after the bandage was removed. There were no complications related to the very small operation wound and bone tissue. Healing times were determined as 35 days on average. As a result, it was determined that earlier healing was performed and less complication rate compared to open operational techniques.

House rats (Rattus rattus) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are important reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial diseases. Understanding these animals' gut bacteria composition is crucial for monitoring and preventing infections. This study aimed to determine the hindgut bacteria composition and diversity of the two hosts sampled from Kilosa and Morogoro districts, in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study design was employed, A total of 114 house rats and 57 cockroaches were caught. The hind guts of trapped host species were dissected and pooled to obtain four pools (two pools represent the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Morogoro municipal and two pools for the hindgut of R. rattus and P. americana from Kilosa district). Genomic DNA was extracted from the pooled samples which was then used in metagenomics sequencing. The observed Shannon and Chao 1 indices indicated higher bacterial species diversity in rats of the Kilosa district and cockroaches of Morogoro municipal. The microbiome diversity in Morogoro municipal was higher for cockroaches than for rats, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). In Kilosa district, the microbiome diversity was higher for rats than for cockroaches, but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05) Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in the hindgut samples of both animals. However, abundances differed among the host species and areas sampled. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum from Rattus rattus from Kilosa district, P. americana and R. rattus from Morogoro municipal, comprising 48%, 41%, and 40%, respectively. Bacteroidetes were plentiful from P. americana from Kilosa district (48%). Bacterial diversity was observed to be higher for R. rattus from Kilosa district and P. americana from Morogoro municipal. Potential pathogenic bacteria were also observed; the highest relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria was observed from P. americana of Kilosa, followed by R. rattus from the Morogoro district. Therefore, this study highlights the composition of hindgut bacteria carried by P. americana and R. rattus, which gives an insight into the different bacteria carried, including the pathogenic ones. This study suggests surveillance of these pests to minimise outbreaks and transmission of zoonotic diseases. Since this study did not focus on factors influencing microbiome composition and diversity, further studies are recommended to be conducted to see the influence of those factors on the gut microbiome.

Electrospinning is a widely used process in various industries to create polymeric fibers with unique properties. In the context of wound healing, electrospun nanofibers can mimic the extracellular matrix structure, promote tissue regeneration, and enhance the wound healing process. Propolis, a natural substance with various biological properties, has shown potential in promoting healthy skin and wound healing. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. The study was conducted on male Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into three group. The nanopropolis group received nanopropolis applied once daily, while the ethanol extracted propolis group received applied once daily. The control group did not receive any application after the wound was formed. The researchers evaluated the wound sizes throughout the study period. Macroscopically, a gradual healing was observed in all three groups. On the 11th day, the wounds in the nanopropolis and propolis groups healed completely, while the wounds in the control group healed on the 14th day. When the wound sizes were analyzed, the nanopropolis group showed a significant decrease in wound size compared to the control group. Histopathological analysis was performed on the wound samples collected at the end of the study. Microscopically, it was observed that the epidermis layer was more regular in the propolis and nanopropolis groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that propolis-incorporated nanofibers produced by electrospinning (nanopropolis) have a positive effect on wound healing compared to propolis alone and the control group. The nanopropolis group showed a significant reduction in wound size and improved histopathological parameters. These findings highlight the potential of nanopropolis in promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Livestock industry has an indispensable position in providing a source of protein for humans. It is vital for the future of humanity to produce healthy animal products for the needs of the increasing world population and to offer them for consumption day by day. However, so as to meet the request of animal products rapidly, industrialization has been increased by developing mass production methods, these changes in the sector have worried by some consumers and reservations have even increased with disinformation. Depending on this possible food safety and public health concern, people have become conscious of nutrition with natural products in progress of time and new searches have been embarked. On the other hand, due to the prohibition of the inclusion of antibiotics as feed additives in animal nutrition diets, alternative feed additives to antibiotics have been researched in order to increase performance and eliminate diseases. The fact that the quality and health of products such as meat, milk, eggs obtained from livestock are directly related to nutrition provides a better understanding of the value of feed and feed additives. Indeed, it is seen that the popularity of honey bee product bee bread, which has been known to be used as a curative product since ancient times, has increased in recent years in treatment with bee products called apitherapy. Concordantly, the use of bee bread as an alternative feed additive in animal health and nutrition has become increasingly common in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to give information about the possibility of using bee bread (perga), which has been shown by scientific studies to be natural and rich ingredient, as an alternative feed additive in poultry nutrition.

With the advancement of research and development of medical technology, there is an increase in the number of animals used in research. As millions of experimental animals are being used in different experiments worldwide, there is a lot of debate about the pain, distress, and death experienced by animals during scientific experiments. Experimental animals also require skilled manpower, time-consuming protocols and are costly. There are various alternatives to animal testing to overcome the drawbacks of animal experiments and avoid unethical procedures. Russell and Burch published principles of the Humane Experimental Technique which includes a strategy of 3 Rs (i.e. reduction, refinement, and replacement) in 1959. They introduced and defined the terms replacement, reduction, and refinement, which subsequently have become known as ‘alternatives’ or ‘alternative methods’ for minimizing the potential for animal pain and distress in biomedical research. Therefore, different methods and different alternative organisms are being used to implement the 3 Rs strategy. So, a brief account of these alternatives and the advantages associated is discussed in this review with examples. An integrated application of these approaches would give insight into the minimum use of animals in scientific experiments.

An experiment (97 days) was conducted to investigate the dietary lauric acid (LA) supplementation on performance, digestibility and faecal microflora counts in Large White Yorkshire cross piglets. A basal diet was (BD) prepared as a negative control without supplementation and a positive control with an antibiotic (chlortetracycline at 0.05%) supplementation (BDA). Another two diets were prepared by supplementing LA at 0.2 and 0.4% levels to the basal diet. Dietary inclusion of LA or antibiotic significantly (P<0.01) improved the body weight and feed efficiency and recorded highest (P<0.01) body weights with 0.4% LA, while lowest (P<0.01) weight gain with control group. Significantly higher FCR (P<0.01) was observed in LA fed animals and the lowest (P<0.01) was recorded in the BD and BDA groups. The improved (P<0.05) digestibility of organic matter, crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free extract was observed with 0.4% LA. The faecal total bacterial count and E.coli count were lowered (P<0.01) with LA supplementation, while highest count was observed in control group. Hence, it was concluded that, supplementation of LA at 0.2 to 0.4 % in the diets of LWY piglets showed increased weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility by reducing faecal microflora count in LWY piglets.

The present study aimed to develop and standardize RTD dal payasam prepared with coconut milk by replacing bovine milk by cooking dal (moong dal/ split yellow lentils) in coconut milk with added nuts, sugar and shredded coconut. The product was prepared with total solids of 22-23% as per commercial purpose. Three different trials (P1, P2 and P3) with varying quantities of dal (150g, 200g and 250g), jaggery (250g, 150g and 200g) and coconut milk of 200ml (based on preliminary study) was studied. The optimized dal payasam was filled in cans and retort processed at 121.1ºC and overpressure of 1.29 bar with steam pressure of 1 bar. Lethality time (F0) of 16.7 min and Total Process Time of 34.2 to 38.7 min was calculated by predictive thermal process modeling. Sensory evaluation of P1, P2 and P3 concluded that P3 with 250g moong dal, 200g jaggery, 200 ml coconut milk was highly preferred by sensory panelists. The finalized trial was further studied for its physico-chemical properties for 60 days at refrigerated (4±2ºC) and room temperature (25±2ºC). The study concluded that retort processed Ready-to-Drink dal payasam packed in cans was safe to consume upto 60 days of storage.

 Open fontanelle is a soft spot located on top of the head in a newborn due to incomplete fusion of the cranial bones. They are the normal structure in young puppies, especially in small breeds and get hardened by 9-12 weeks of age following fusion of growth plates in the skull. The aim of our study was to describe the presence, diagnosis and management of open fontanelle. A puppy was presented with the history of swelling over the frontal region, intermittent seizures for the past two weeks. Clinical examination revealed a swelling over the mid-frontal region of head. Radiographic examination of skull revealed hydrocephalus with open fontanelle.

Eight numbers of dung samples were collected from bovine calves aged between 6-9 months in Thalayamangalam village, Orathanadu Taluk, Thanjavur district with the history of chronic watery diarrhoea and jowl oedema. Gross examination of dung samples revealed foul smelling with absence of segments of tapeworms. Dung samples were screened by using sedimentation technique for the presence of parasitic eggs/ova. Microscopical examination revealed the presence of spindle shaped eggs having anterior spine and active miracidium inside the eggs. Based on the morphological features of the parasitic egg, it was diagnosed as Schistosoma spindale infection in calves.

A female Ongole calf aged one year and nine months was found to have nodular development around the left eye and neck region. Clinical examination revealed that the calf had cutaneous papilloma (wart), which was treated with autohemotherapy, ivermectin and levamisole injections along with placement of a ligature around wart's base. On the third day of treatment, a large papilloma on the left lower eyelid dried up and sloughed off. On the tenth day of therapy, the warts on the upper eyelid and neck began to dry and flake off, leaving behind barely visible scars at the original growth sites. The animal underwent an uncomplicated recovery and completely recovered from the ailment.