Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland parenchyma in cows. It is caused by multiple pathogens including bacteria and fungi. Mycotic mastitis is a secondary disease following improper frequent use of antibiotics or an unhygienic environment. The treatment of rising cases of mycotic mastitis is still controversial because of the rapid resistance acquired by the traditional use of antifungal drugs. The present study aimed to investigate the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), alternative therapy for traditional antifungal drugs, to combat fungal isolates from mastitic cows by examining the in vitro antifungal activity of ZnO-NPs. One hundred milk samples were aseptically collected from cows suffering from clinical mastitis in a governorate in Egypt. The fungal isolates were identified by their colony morphology and microscopical examination and subsequent underwent determining the MIC of traditional antifungal drugs and ZnO-NPs using the disc diffusion methods. Our results showed that 70% of milk samples were positive for mycotic mastitis with 30% yeasts, 15% molds, and 25% yeast and molds. Candida was the most common yeast species isolated. Rhodotorula, c. guilliermondii, c. parapsillosis, and c. albicans showed entire resistant (100%) to all traditional antifungal drugs whereas, the same isolates, except c. albicans, were susceptible to ZnO-NPs. Mold spp. were susceptible to ZnO-NPs and only Itraconazole, and Clotrimazole. ZnO-NPs are highly effective and promising inexpensive antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bovine mycotic mastitis.

The importance of searching for natural alternatives away from chemicals in poultry health and treatment has benefits for humans in many directions, as we control the bad effect of the accumulation of harmful chemicals in their meat, as well as reduce the risk of zoonotic infection and preserve the environment from chemical pollution. Enormous fungi induce a considerable level of annihilation in the poultry industry and human consumers due to their zoonotic implications. This study is designed to explore the effects of keratogenic and toxigenic skin fungal affection and the effects of dietary-essential oils in broilers -chicken (n-120). Skin scrapings and feather samples were examined mycologically in association with PCR sequencing for genomes of the culturally detected fungi (in South Korea) based on phylum tree and all Sequences data was deposited in GenBank and each was assigned an accession number. Sera samples of the tested broilers were examined by ELIZA against biogenic amine mainly histamine during the summer season, also a histopathological examination of skin sections before and after taking feed additives (essential oils) as anti-fungal for thirty days, the broiler-fed diet was supplemented with peppermint, thyme, and Carvacrol 70 mg/kg (w/w) in dietary feed. The isolated fungi were: Fifteen fungal species belonging to 9 genera of filamentous fungi which were isolated from skin scrapings and feathers of chickens. Aspergillus niger and A. flavus are the most prevalent species (20 samples representing 100% of total samples for each. Rhizopus oryze 20% and Fusarium oxysporum 15% were cultured from total samples respectively. Four fungal species appeared in 10% of the tested samples which are Aspergillus qudrilineatus, Paecilomyces variotii (Byssochlamys spectabilis), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Exserohilum rostratum. Finally, the other seven fungi presented as 5% from tested samples. The average level of serum histamine before treatment was 16.6 ng/ml and after feeding was 12.3 ng/ml (significant decrease, P < 0.05) referring to the significant role of the essential oils in broilers ration.

The present study was aimed to select potential probiotic and functional strains among lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from some artisanal Egyptian dairy products. For this, 75 samples comprising karish (fresh skimmed), mish (aged salted skimmed) and Domiati (brined ripened) cheese varieties were surveyed in this study. Approximately, 300 lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains were isolated and initially screened for their antibacterial activity against the two common food-borne pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Using cell free extract of isolated LAB strains, various antimicrobial inhibition patterns have been noted against the tested pathogens. Upon further proteolytic and neutralization treatments, only 16 strains were proved to have potent antimicrobial attribute. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing identification of those 16 strains, 8 different species were identified (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb. fermentum, Pediococcus acidilacticii and Enterococcus faecium). Additionally, those 16 strains were tested for different probiotic, functional and safety criteria (acid and bile resistance, salt tolerance, milk acidification ability, heamolytic activity and antibiotic sensitivity).  The present study showed that artisanal Egyptian artisanal chesses were proven to be sources of safe potentially probiotic LAB with interesting physiological properties, thus it could be further incorporated in manufacture of various dairy products as starter and non-starter cultures.

In the aquatic environment, pollution with heavy metals is a major issue. Some of them are essential heavy metals because they play biological roles for aquatic organisms. Other heavy metals, however, are regarded as dangerous even at low concentrations. Heavy metal levels that are harmful may be caused by industrial, mining, and agricultural operations. Water contamination and changes to the physicochemical properties of the aquatic environment will result from this. The harmful toxic consequences of this pollution on fish raise questions about its possible impacts on human health. The most prevalent heavy metals are arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, which are systemic toxicants and have an impact on human health. These metals are classified as carcinogens by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the international agency for research on cancer because they cause organ damage even at low exposure levels. This review was created to contribute to the understanding of the environmental impact, toxicology, and consequences of heavy metals on fish.

Dexpanthenol, a vitamin from the B complex that is an alcoholic analogue of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), is converted to pantothenic acid by certain enzymes and then circulated throughout the body as coenzyme-A. Pantothenic acid is rich in the liver, kidney, butter, almond and wheat bran. Dexpanthenol is administered topically as an ointment, emulsion, or solution at dosages of 2 to 5% to treat a variety of skin and mucosal conditions. Pantothenic acid is reported to act as anti-inflammatory, radical scavenger and assist in the wound healing. In this review, we want to shed some light on the dietary sources, medicinal significance, and wound healing applications of dexpanthenol.

Various artisanal dairy products such as kariesh cheese, Laban Rayeb (a type of fermented fluid milk), zabady (a type of artisanal yoghurt), Butter milk and soured cream (a type of cream separted from skim milk after overnight natural fermentation of milk in earthenware pots) are poular for human consumption in Egypt. However, they are manufactured from raw milk depending on natural fermentation by wild microflora without guaranteed heat treatment processing or addition of permissible additives. Thus, the current study included the microbiological investigations on 50 samples of each of afore-mentioned products (total of 250 samples) primarily to isolate and discriminate different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) flora and secondly to search for some LAB to be further considered as a probiotic culture. Accordingly, several characteristics were investigated including, their ability to resist and survive gastrointestinal tract conditions represented in gastric acidity (pH 3) and duodenal bile acids, and at the same time, ability to produce antimicrobial substances such as organic acids (lactic acid), hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl. At the same time, the isolates were tested for having safety or non-pathogenicity, which principally includes non-harboring of antibiotic resistance (AR) features or blood haemolysis activity. Three important technological properties including the salt tolerance, β-galactosidase production and milk acidification ability were tested for selected isolates as important features needed for optimum fermentation by LAB as starter or non-starter cultures that can be incorporated in dairy processing. Finally, the LAB strains were tested as inhibitors for bacteria of food-safety concern such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our results showed that the examined fermented artisanal dairy products proved to harbor a wide variety of LAB microflora. After screening the probiotic, technological and safety related properties of 40 selected LAB isolates from examined products, 7 strains were proven to meet all required criteria, thus could be tested in future studies as promising strains to be incorporated in manufacture of various dairy products as starter and non-starter cultures.

This study was designed to record the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to the methicillin resistance isolate as well as some virulence factors in milk and soft cheese and the antibacterial effect of curcumin and ginger nanoparticles. The samples were collected over a period of December 2021 to April 2022 from different locations in Assiut Government, Egypt. The samples were subjected to microbiology and molecular analysis. From 100 samples of marketable milk and soft cheese (50 for each one), the results showed that 78 samples (78%) positive for Staphylococcus aureus, moreover the percentages of mecA gene were (21.06%). Also, the isolated strains were carried enterotoxins gene (sea) and alpha hemolysis gene (hlɑ) with percentages of 3.51 and 2.43%, respectively. Moreover, the curcumin and ginger nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the ultra-sonication method and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and TEM. With the assistance of the well diffusion method, curcumin and ginger NPs showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained by the micro broth dilution method which indicated that the lowest concentrations inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus using curcumin and ginger NPs were 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that the curcumin NPs have antibacterial activity higher than that of ginger NPs against MRSA.

Colibacillosis is a common infectious bacterial disease that can cause enteritis and high mortality in young rabbits, threatening the breeding industry. This work was performed to express some virulence-determining genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated E. coli and to study the efficacy of herbal oils and/or probiotic on reducing E. coli infection in rabbits. Vaginal swabs and semen samples were collected from rabbits with reproductive problems (farm 1) and anal swabs were collected from rabbits with diarrhea (farm 2) in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Samples were subjected for bacterial identification, antibiogram-testing and molecular monitoring of iss and eaeA virulence genes. An experiment was performed in which 54 weaned California rabbits were divided into 6 equal groups, negative control group (G1), non-infected treated with probiotic and both fennel and moringa oils (G2), Infected and treated with probiotic, fennel and moringa oils (G3), treated with probiotic only (G4), treated with colistin sulfate (G5) and Positive control (G6). Infected groups (G3, G4, G5 and G6) were challenged orally with E. coli (1x107 CFU). The detection of E. coli was 15.3% (2/13) and 62.5% (10/16) in farm (1) and (2) respectively. The isolated E. coli was multidrug-resistant (MDR), carrying virulence genes iss and eaeA, with prevalence of 100% (12/12) and 50% (6 /12) respectively. Clinical symptoms were prominent in the experiment E. coli infected untreated group (6), with the least evidence in group (5). The E. coli colony counts were significantly higher in group (6) while rabbits in group (3) had significantly higher body weights compared to infected groups. Thus, we concluded that, the use of two herbal oils and probiotics were able to reduce mortality rates, clinical signs, and the total E. coli count in experimentally infected rabbits.

Body length in dairy cattle is an essential linear trait to thoroughly investigate because cattle's bodies are stretched horizontally, unlike humans. As a result, the current study aimed to identify dairy cattle's most prominent body length characteristics primarily related to milk delivery as a selection basis. One hundred twenty-one heads of Holstein cows were employed as a research sample. The samples were utterly lactating, with ages between 2 and 6 years. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and regression were used consecutively to examine the data. The R type 4.2.1 with RStudio software was applied as an instrument for statistical analysis. A stipulated output of the PCA has unmasked four body length traits as major components, comprising absolute frame lengthiness (AFL), relative frame lengthiness (RFL), rump lengthiness (RML), and fore udder lengthiness (FUL). The correlation and regression analysis designated the FUL as the priority in dealing with the milk delivery characteristic, followed by the long distance between teats side-view (TSL). However, with PCA excluding TSL as a substantial component of body length, the second priority was given to the RFL. The ultimate recommendation is to prioritize the FUL trait for the initial cow selection program. Presumedly, the RFL could be used as the first initiative trait for the calf-heifer selection plan.

A poultry abattoir's environment is the primary source of potential cross-contamination and bacterial contamination. Three automatic poultry slaughterhouses were selected in these governorates: Giza (1), Menoufeya (2), and Sharkeya (3). This study aimed to determine whether the microorganism load in the abattoir environment (TBC, TCC, and Campylobacter count) is associated with carcass contamination. Additionally, we wanted to investigate the effects of adding chlorine at different levels during the processing of carcasses on the microbial load. There were 15 air samples collected, as well as 30 swabs taken from the walls, floors, and processing equipment, from the three abattoirs (Reception, Bleeding and Plucking, Processing, Packing, and Refrigeration) in each abattoir, plus roughly five samples collected prior to and after carcass immersion from the scald tank, chill tank, and pre-chiller tank. In addition, approximately 12 broiler carcasses were randomly selected midday from each slaughterhouse's process line. All three slaughterhouses showed significant differences in microbial counts (TBC and TCC); the most significant differences were found on the walls and floors. A significant difference exists between the different abattoir halls. The lowest count was found in air samples at the refrigeration room (TBC and TCC recorded 0.14 and 0.12 log10 CFU, respectively). Three slaughterhouses, 1, 2, and 3, had varying Campylobacter prevalence rates: 8 (22.8%), 15 (50%), and 6 (20%), respectively. By ANOVA, it was discovered that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.88, 0.89, and 0.95) between the rates of contamination of the floor with equipment, the floor with carcass rinse, and the equipment with carcass rinse. Chlorine added to chilled water in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 ppm led to a further reduction in microbes on the skin's surface. The effectiveness of the sanitation standard as well as the use of chlorine in chilled tanks should be checked to prevent carcass contamination. The proliferation of bacteria, particularly Campylobacter, and the contamination of broiler carcasses by the bacteria found in the intestinal material during processing could lead to monitoring hygienic status.