Organophosphates (OP) and carbamates are widely utilized insecticides, but they also pose significant risks as sources ofintoxicationfor both humans and animals. A male non-descript dog, seven years old was presented with a chronic respiratory distress, dysphonia, exercise intolerance, and neurologic signs to Veterinary Clinical Complex, VCRI, Orathanadu on April 2023. Physical examination revealed elevated rectal temperature and congested mucous membrane with elevated heart beat and respiratory rate. Thoracic auscultation revealed muffled heart sound. The dog's medical history indicated a potential case of organophosphate poisoning. Treatment involved administering atropine sulfate, normal saline, ceftriaxone, and furosemide. However, throughout the treatment process, the dog continued to experience upper respiratory stridor and dyspnoea. Clinical examination and radiographic observations confirmed the diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis. This case highlights the occurrence of laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy complex in a canine affected by organophosphate poisoning.

In India, small and marginal farmers, comprising 85% of the farming community, are pivotal to the rural economy. Addressing the rising demands amidst agricultural resource scarcity requires a holistic approach like Integrated Farming System (IFS). This method combines crop production, livestock, fishery, waste management, and poultry production synergistically. IFS boosts productivity, utilizes resources efficiently, and enhances food production, stabilizing income and ensuring nutritional security. A study in Karaikal district, Union Territory of Puducherry, which was an agricultural land and the entire farm revealed a benefit­cost ratio of 1.75, demonstrating IFS's potential in overcoming population growth and resource challenges.

A biological trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of glyceryl polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPEGR) supplementation on the production performance in broiler chicken. A total of two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments  containing forty birds in each  group with five replicates in each treatment group and thus constituting  eight birds per replicate . The control group (C) received basal diet, T1 group received the basal diet and GPEGR, while the T2, T3, and T4 groups received GPEGR-supplemented diets with graded reductions in energy density by 20, 40, and 60 kcal/kg, respectively. All the birds were maintained under uniform and standard managemental conditions with  access to ad-libitum feed and water. The study found that the final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) in the T1 group (1804.99 g and 50.21 g, respectively) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control group (1662.80 g and 46.16 g, respectively). While the energy reduced diets (T2, T3, T4) supplemented with GPEGR did not show significant improvements in body weight and ADG compared to the control. The cumulative and average daily feed as well as the feed conversion ratio (FCR), showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the groups. It can be concluded that the feeding of GPEGR supplemented diet containing 3000 Kcal per kg enhanced the growth rate  in broiler chicken 

A six-month-old pregnant female grey rabbit was presented to the outpatient unit of Madras Veterinary College, with a history of discharge from the vagina, dullness, inappetence and owner was not aware of the mating details. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, pain on palpation, skin turgor for more than 2 seconds, with a dull woebegone appearance. On abdominal palpation, there was a hard mass suggestive of pregnancy. There were moderate purulent secretions from the vagina. The temperature was within normal range. The ultrasonographic assessment revealed pregnancy with visualization of fetal bones. However, none of the fetus had heartbeat and no clear visualization of fetal organs. However, fetal bones like skull and ribs were visualized. Ultrasonographic assessment revealed a bi-parietal diameter of 11.43 mm in a few fetus and which was tentatively diagnosed at approximately 19-20 days of pregnancy. Emergency surgery was performed, a hysterectomy was done and fetal contents were collected in sterile swabs were sent for microbial testing.  

A Kankrej cow was presented to the Large Animal Obstetrical Unit of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Theni, with a history of foul-smelling vaginal discharge persisting for past one month and the cow had been previously treated for fetal maceration six months earlier during gestation. Per-vaginal examination revealed that the external os of the cervix was dilated to one finger width, with mucoid, foul-smelling discharge and per rectal examination revealed a hard mass in left uterine horn. Ultrasound examination confirmed the presence of hyperechoic mass in the left uterine horn. Based on the case history, rectal examination and ultrasound findings, the case was diagnosed as foetal bone remnants due to incomplete evacuation of macerated foetus. Despite administering prostaglandin (500 µg IM) to induce cervical dilation, the cervix did not sufficiently dilate. Therefore, laparo-hysterotomy was planned to remove the foetal bone remnants under local and paravertebral nerve block using 2 per cent lignocaine hydrochloride. Post-operative care included antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine and supportive therapy for five days along with wound management. The cow had an uneventful recovery, with complete wound healing. Skin sutures were removed 14 days post-operation. The cow exhibited normal estrous cycle after a month of surgery. 

A disease outbreak in lambs occurred in an organized sheep farm located in Siddarampuram village, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, during the winter season (November 2022 to February 2023). Out of a total of 68 lambs born, 12 lambs (17.64%) succumbed within a week, exhibiting clinical manifestations including sudden death, nasal discharges, frothy mouth discharges, fever, shivering, inability to walk, weakness, prostration, and respiratory distress. Gross and post-mortem examinations revealed the lungs as the major affected organs, displaying vascular changes and severe pneumonic alterations with pus discharge, indicative of a septicemic nature of the disease. Escherichia coli was isolated from the collected pus and tissues during the post-mortem examination. The study postulates that a sudden environmental change, coupled with cold stress, frost, and poor ventilation, likely exposed the lambs to E. coli septicemia, predominantly affecting the respiratory system. To address the mortality, amikacin was administered following antibiotic sensitivity tests. This approach successfully checked the spread of the disease. The findings highlighted the significance of environmental factors in disease outbreaks and emphasize the importance of targeted antibiotic treatments for effective control of an outbreak.

Diarrhoea is one of the most common clinical conditions seen in dogs caused by a variety of different etiological agents. Among common causative agents, Canine Parvovirus remains the most common cause of hemorrhagic diarrhea along with vomiting and is often accompanied by high mortality among susceptible dogs. Due to emerging strains, detection of CPV has become more challenging. Thus, a combination of molecular and immunological techniques offers a higher probability of correctly diagnosing the disease. With this objective, the study was done to detect different antigenic variants of CPV in dogs of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 238 clinical samples from affected dogs like feacal samples, urine samples and necropsied tissue samples were collected from different parts of Himachal Pradesh and processed in the laboratory. For molecular detection, the DNA of all the 238 samples were initially extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using primer pairs CPV-2, CPV-2ab, CPV-2b and CPV-2c targeting the VP2 gene. For immunological detection, all the samples were initially screened for HA activity using 1% washed pig erythrocytes. Samples showing positive HA activity were then serologically tested by HI and Dot ELISA using hyper- immune sera raised in rabbits.  A total of 109 samples out of 238 (45.8 %) were found positive for CPV in PCR assay. No sample was found positive for the original CPV-2 strain, CPV-2a and CPV-2c strains out of variant. In HA test, 89 out of 238 (37.39 %) samples showed positive HA titres ranging from 1:2 to 1:2048. that were then confirmed using HI test with similar results. However, 91 out of 238 (38.23 %)samples showed positive results in Dot ELISA with formation of distinct brown-coloured spots on nitrocellulose membrane.

The aim of the study was to develop herbal yoghurt by incorporating tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract at 1 and 1.5 per cent level. The developed herbal yoghurt samples were analysed for physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory quality by standard methods. The incorporation of tulsi extract improved the antioxidant activity of yoghurt significantly.  The antioxidant activity of control and tulsi incorporated yoghurt (1 and 1.5 per cent) were 28.12±2.16, 41.82±1.51 and 53.1±1.51 per cent respectively. A decline in antioxidant activity was observed in all yoghurt samples after the third day of storage. No significant difference in fat and total solids content was observed in yoghurt samples incorporated with tulsi extract. The sensory scores of yoghurt incorporated with one per cent tulsi extract was significantly higher than that of control.  The study revealed that tulsi extract can be incorporated in to yoghurt to enhance the antioxidant activity without compromising the sensory quality.

This study aimed to cultivate PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions and subsequently adapt a field-isolated PCV2b genotype in these adapted cells to investigate both cellular and viral changes. PK-15 cells were grown in three different serum-supplemented media: 0%, 2%, and 10%. The cells adapted to these varying serum conditions were then infected with genotyped field PCV2b and propagated for up to three blind passages. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of PK-15 cells grown in 0% and 2% serum-supplemented media, with and without PCV2b infection, revealed cytoplasmic granularity compared to cells grown in 10% serum. MTT assay results indicated that PCV2b infection had minimal impact on cell viability, suggesting efficient viral propagation in serum-deprived conditions with minimal cytopathic effects. PCR analysis of cell lysates from all three 0%, 2%, and 10% serum conditions confirmed the presence of the PCV2b genome, demonstrating its adaptability grown to PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions. Molecular analysis of the major epidemiological marker gene, ORF2, from PCV2b grown in both 0% and 10% serum conditions showed identical nucleotide (702 bp) and amino acid (234 aa) compositions. This study highlights the feasibility of growing PK-15 cells under serum-deprived conditions and the adaptability of PCV2b in these cells. 

A study was conducted to assess the incidence of endoparasitism and evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs administered to captive lions housed at Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur, Tamil Nadu. A total of 10 scat samples were collected from captive lions during June-August, 2024. All the samples were examined by standard qualitative methods (direct smear, centrifugal sedimentation and floatation methods) followed by quantitative method (McMaster technique) to determine egg per gram. All the samples (n=10) showed 100% incidence of Toxascaris leonina. Efficacy of two anthelmintic drugs were evaluated by using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The efficacy of ivermectin was recorded only 10.21% and found to be resistant. Fenbendazole demonstrated 100% efficacy, indicating susceptibility of the parasite to this drug.