Despite the significant progress in the recent efforts toward developing an effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis, the search for new protective vaccination strategy still remains a challenge and elusive goal because it becomes the appropriate way to prevent the disease. Various experimental approaches in the past few years showed that developing a potential vaccine against the disease can be achievable. The combination of multi-epitopes expressing different stages of the parasite life cycle has become an optimal strategy for acquiring a potent, safe, and effective vaccine. Epitope-based vaccines have gained attention as alternative vaccine candidates due to their ability of inducing protective immune responses. This mini-review highlights the current status and the prospects of Toxoplasma gondii vaccine development along with the application of epitope-based vaccine in the future parasite immunization as a novel under development and evaluation strategy. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 174-182]

Objective: This research aims to study the effectiveness of landmark- and semi-landmark-based geometric morphometric (LMSL) in the identification of four Culex vectors, namely, C. quinquefas¬ciatus, C. visnui, C. sitiens, and C. whitmorei in Thailand and also compared the potential between LMSL and the landmark-based geometric morphometric method (LM). Materials and Methods: The overall size of the wing sample was estimated by the centroid size. Shape variables were computed as principal components of the partial warp calculated after generalized procrustes analysis of raw coordinates. Discriminant analysis of the canonical variables performed to explore the shape dissimilarity between Culex species has been shown as a factor map and to calculate the Mahalanobis distance. Size and shape differences based on pairwise Mahalanobis distances were tested using non-parametric methods (1,000 cycles) with Bonferroni correction at a p-value of [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 278-283]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of whey protein concentrate (WPC) derived from camels milk on cheese yield, some chemical, microbial, and organoleptic properties of low salt soft cheese during refrigerated storage. Materials and Methods: Cheeses made from buffalos milk without and with adding 4,000 and 8,000 μg/ml WPC. Results: Addition of WPC significantly increased the yield, titratable acidity, and decreased pH of the resultant cheese samples. Cheese treated with 8,000 μg/ml WPC had the highest effect on the reduction of the total bacterial count, coliform, molds, and yeast up to 29th day of storage in comparison to the 25th day and 17th day in cheese with 4,000 μg/ml and control samples, respectively. The organoleptic evaluation indicated that adding of WPC improved flavor, body, and texture and appearance of the cheese. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the application of camels WPC at 8,000 μg/ml in cheese can improve organoleptic and microbiological proprieties of low salt soft cheese and prolong its shelf-life at refrigerated storage up to 29 days in comparison to 25 days and 17 days in cheese treated with 4,000 μg/ml WPC and control cheeses, respectively. So, the present WPC has a potential for preservation as a food ingredient and natural food preservative. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 528-535]

Objectives: The objectives of our study were to determine the presence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in market milk in Aswan province, Egypt and studying the effect of addition of some strains of probiotics microorganisms on AFM1 level in milk. Materials and Methods: Between July and October 2018, 90 market milk samples (15 Ultra Heat Treated (UHT) , 75 raw) were collected from different dairy shops in Aswan City, Egypt to be examined for AFM1 presence by rapid strip test and the results were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results revealed that all UHT milk samples were negative, while 37 (49%) raw milk samples were positive for AFM1 residues. All 37 positive milk samples were examined by HPLC to determine the level of AFM1. The results showed that the level of AFM1 ranged between 0.053 and 0.207 with mean ± SE of 0.1003 ± 0.008 ppb. Some probiotics strains were used to determine their effect on AFM1 by milk fermentation; the result showed that the probiotics have significant effect on the reduction of AFM1 level in milk (p < 0.05). Also, Public health importance of AFM1 was discussed. Conclusion: Presence of AFM1 in 49% of examined raw milk samples indicate widespread occur¬rence of AFM1 in market milk in Aswan province, Egypt which considered possible hazards for consumers, while the absence of AFM1 from UHT milk indicates that type of milk is safer. So, regular monitoring of AFM1 in market milk is necessary for evaluating their contamination status. Mixed starter culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus could be used as a biological agent for the reduction of AFM1 in milk. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(2.000): 197-201]

Objectives: Drug residues in poultry products could lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as in any living animal and human alike. Extensive use of antibiotics in animals to promote growth rate, increase feed efficiency, and for prevention of intestinal infections has led to the development of resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of biological supplementation of probiotic, phytobiotic, and their combination over antibiotic on growth performance, microbial load, and hematological parameters in Broiler. Materials and methods: Sixty-five broiler chicken were divided into five groups (12 birds in each group), namely, group A (basal diet), group B (antibiotic, Renamycin 100®), group C (phytobiotic, Galibiotic®), group D (probiotic, Bio-Top®), and group E (combination, Galibiotic®+Galibiotic®) and five were sacrificed for baseline data on day 0. Results: Average final live weight gain was highest in group D (probiotic) than other groups. The feed conversion ratio was highest in group A and lowest in the probiotic group (group C). Blood samples were collected on 14th and 28th day for hematological studies. The mean hematology values regarding the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate differed significantly (p < 0.05) among groups. The pH of all the treatment groups was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p < 0.05) where group C was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than all other groups. Highest total viable cell count was observed in control (group A) and total coliform count in phytobiotic (group C) was significantly lower than in other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It may conclude that biological supplements have a significant positive impact on growth performance, hematological parameters, and gut microbial load in broiler chicken of which the probiotic showing the best effects. Supplementation of probiotic in feed could be one of the best candidates as an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoter for safe broiler production. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 409-415]

Objective: The study was performed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and prac¬tice among different professionals toward zoonotic diseases in selected coastal areas of Barguna district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 485 respondents were randomly selected from different upazilas (sub-districts) of Barguna district, Bangladesh. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect data about awareness of zoonosis, hygienic management, zoonotic disease transmission from different species of domestic animals and consumption of their products, consciousness on management of pet animals, disease transmission from wild animals, effects of natural disaster on zoonosis, and extension works on zoonosis provided by government or private sector. Results: Based on the level of knowledge of the different respondents, meat (43.92%) is the prime way for transmission of zoonotic disease followed by egg (18.14%) and milk (13.61%). The aware¬ness regarding management of pet animals (23.71%) and zoonotic disease from wild animals (26.69%) were more or less similar. It has been observed that 33.81% respondents were conscious about natural disaster causing zoonotic infection. The respondents also mentioned that extension services about zoonotic infection provided by government or private sector was 34.22%. Among all the respondents, the awareness of zoonotic infection was high in employee of livestock depart¬ment followed by employee of health department and teachers. Conclusion: The awareness of zoonoses was high in employee of livestock department followed by the employee of health department, teachers, and other professionals. The present study observed that low educational background of professionals or non-health educated professionals is not conscious on zoonotic diseases. Further work should be taken to assess the prevention and control strategies regarding zoonosis in study area. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 284-289]

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the multi-drug resistance (MDR) Klebsiella sp. from mastitis milk samples. Materials and Methods: In the current research, 48 clinical mastitis milk samples were collected from Rangpur division, Bangladesh. Confirmation of bovine mastitis (BM) was done by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). All the CMT positive isolates were subjected for the identification of Klebsiella sp. using through a series of cultural and biochemical tests. MDR Klebsiella sp. isolates were determined using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory zones were measured by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MDR patterns of the isolates were also subjected to study by using housefly (Musca domestica). Results: Among the isolates, 62.5% (n = 30/48) revealed the presence of Klebsiella sp. Eight antimicrobial agents including Amoxicillin, Novobiocin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Cephradine, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Methicillin, and housefly (M. domestica) showed complete resistance to Klebsiella sp. On the other hand, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Nalidixic acid showed sensitivity. Conclusion: This study helps to treat BM with effective antibiotics and helps in an epidemiological study in Rangpur division as well as helps to create public health awareness. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 362-365]

Objective: To produce, purify, and characterize a polyclonal antibody against acrylamide (anti-AA) for an application to immunochromatographic strip tests for AA. Material and Methods: Polyclonal anti-AA was prepared by injecting N-acryloxysuccinimide-conjugated bovine serum albumin hapten-antigen into New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody was purified using protein A, characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec¬trophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The conjugated antibody was then characterized using UVVis and FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunochromatographic strip tests were performed using sample pads, conjugated pads, test zones, control zones, and absorbent pads. Strip tests were finally validated using standard AA solutions followed by the application of various concentrations of coffee samples. Results: Using SDS-PAGE, the purified anti-AA antibody was resolved at 50 and 25 kDa, indicat¬ing the presence of heavy and light chains, respectively. The conjugation of anti-AA with AuNP was confirmed using wavelength shifts in UVVis and FTIR spectra, and TEM analyses revealed increased diameters of AuNPs after conjugation. The immunochromatographic strip test was sen-sitive to 1 mgml&#8722;1 standard AA. Various concentrations of coffee samples resulted in red color differences in the test zone. High and low coffee concentrations produced thick and thin red lines, respectively. Conclusion: Purified anti-AA can be conjugated with AuNP to produce strip tests for detecting AA in coffee samples. The present immunochromatographic strip tests quantitatively showed increasing intensities of red lines with increasing AA concentrations. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 366-375]

Objective: The objective of this study was to give detailed descriptions of the morphological and histological structures of the tongue of the Muscovy duck as it relates to their feeding habit.Materials and Methods: Ten adult Muscovy ducks weighing 24 kg were used. The ducks were slaughtered and their oral cavities were opened to detect in situ position of the tongues. Each tongue was dissected and examined grossly. Samples of various parts of the tongue were taken for routine histological examination.Results: The tongue of the Muscovy ducks was distinguished grossly as the apex, body, and root. A dorsal median sulcus, conical papillae, and lingual prominence were observed grossly. Microscopic observations showed the tongue of the Muscovy duck was covered by stratified squamous epithelium; keratinized and non-keratinized. The lamina propria of the tongue contained lingual glands, entoglossum cartilage, lymphoid nodules, as well as blood vessels and nerves.Conclusion: The morphological and histological variations of the tongue of the Muscovy duck may infer that its unique structures are related to their feeding habits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(1.000): 74-81]

Objective: This study was considered to explore the possible impacts of drinking water quality from different sources on the bioavailability of doxycycline. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four tap and ground drinking water samples collected from poultry farms were scrutinized for their water quality limits (TH, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical con¬ductivity, Cl&#713;, Ca&#8314;², Na&#8314;, and Mg&#8314;²) and heavy metals concentrations (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni). An in vitro study was conducted by adding the therapeutic concentrations of doxycycline to all tested water samples, and allowed to interact for 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 8 h followed by re-estimation of doxycycline concentrations after each contact time using thin layer chromatography. Results: The therapeutic concentration of doxycycline was decreased in tap water samples by 1.92%, 9.63%, 22.42%, and 30.83% for the aforementioned contact times, respectively, while the corresponding reduction percentages in ground water samples were 2.14%, 17.14%, 28.57%, and 40.09%. However, the control samples had never showed any recorded decrease in their doxy¬cycline concentrations overall contact times. All measured concentrations of doxycycline were significantly lower in tap and ground water than those of control at all times of contact. Both pH, Mg&#8314;² showed significant positive correlations with decreasing values of doxycycline in water. Conclusion: Different drinking water sources reduce the concentrations of doxycycline in vitro in a time dependent manner, which can be attributed to their different physico-chemical parameters, i.e., pH and Mg&#8314;² ions. This emphasizes the role of water quality on the stability of antibiotics concentrations administrated via drinking water. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(4.000): 438-444]