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Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Texte intégral
2019
Ifeoma C. Nwafor | Hester Roberts | Pieter Fourie
Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Texte intégral
2019
Ifeoma C. Nwafor | Hester Roberts | Pieter Fourie
Pigs are kept by farmers as a source of livelihood and food. Unfortunately, helminthiasis and other internal parasites are major setbacks to profitable pig production in Africa. There is a lack of information on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites plaguing resource-poor pig farmers in the Free State. Knowledge of these endemic parasites can be used as baseline data to help design future intervention plans. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the types of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites prevalent in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 77 pigs and parasitologically analysed. Quantification was done using the McMaster counting technique. Farming system, age, gender and health status were the risk factors considered. The study was conducted between January and March 2016. Overall, results showed that 61 samples (79.2%) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal parasites, which were observed as single or mixed infections. Amongst the positive samples, 44.5% were infected with Ascaris suum, 50.6% with Trichuris suis, 26.0% and 72.7% were infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum and coccidia, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the rate of infection in the intensive and semi-intensive systems and between the dewormed and non-dewormed pigs. Piglets and female pigs recorded a higher prevalence in their categories. Pigs excreted mostly low (eggs per gram [EPG] ≤ 100) to moderate (EPG > 100 < 500) levels of helminth eggs. It is concluded that different species of gastrointestinal parasites are present in most pigs reared by smallholder farmers in this study area.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province Texte intégral
2019
Nwafor, Ifeoma C.(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture) | Roberts, Hester(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Life Sciences) | Fourie, Pieter(Central University of Technology Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Department of Agriculture)
Pigs are kept by farmers as a source of livelihood and food. Unfortunately, helminthiasis and other internal parasites are major setbacks to profitable pig production in Africa. There is a lack of information on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites plaguing resource-poor pig farmers in the Free State. Knowledge of these endemic parasites can be used as baseline data to help design future intervention plans. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the types of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites prevalent in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province. Faecal samples were randomly collected from 77 pigs and parasitologically analysed. Quantification was done using the McMaster counting technique. Farming system, age, gender and health status were the risk factors considered. The study was conducted between January and March 2016. Overall, results showed that 61 samples (79.2%) tested positive for one or more gastrointestinal parasites, which were observed as single or mixed infections. Amongst the positive samples, 44.5% were infected with Ascaris suum, 50.6% with Trichuris suis, 26.0% and 72.7% were infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum and coccidia, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the rate of infection in the intensive and semi-intensive systems and between the dewormed and non-dewormed pigs. Piglets and female pigs recorded a higher prevalence in their categories. Pigs excreted mostly low (eggs per gram [EPG] ≤ 100) to moderate (EPG > 100 < 500) levels of helminth eggs. It is concluded that different species of gastrointestinal parasites are present in most pigs reared by smallholder farmers in this study area.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]A study on the effect of age, breed and season on sexual behaviour, testosterone concentrations and scrotal circumference in Egyptian rams Texte intégral
2019
Ahmad S. Mostafa | Mostafa M. Farghal
The objective of this study was to detect the influence of age, breed and season on sexual behaviour, testosterone concentrations and scrotal circumference in Egyptian rams. The study was carried out at agricultural research center belonging to Minia University, Shosha village, Samalut city, El-Minia. Ten crossbred and five adult Ossimi rams were used during this study. Every ram was allowed to breed two ewes to evaluate its sexual behaviour for a twenty minutes test. Blood samples were collected three times per season at two weeks interval from each ram during the period of experiment to measure testosterone concentrations. Also, scrotal circumference was measured at the same frequency and time interval as blood samples. Sexual behaviour was better in old rams than young ones (p<0.01), but it was not affected by breed or season (p>0.05). Serum testosterone level was higher at autumn (7.13±02.9 ng/ml) than at winter (5.54±0.29 ng/ml) in crossbred rams (p<0.01), while in Ossimi rams, higher level was obtained in spring (8.24±.39 ng/ml) than in summer (3.99±0.40 ng/ml). Mean scrotal circumference was higher in older rams (30.20±1.20 cm) than younger rams (22.53±1.27 cm). There was no significant difference for measures of scrotal circumference between crossbred rams (30.86±1.09 cm) and Ossimi rams (30.93±1.06 cm). Season had no significant effect on scrotal circumference in crossbred rams, whereas in Ossimi rams the effect of season was significantly obvious with the highest and lowest values were recorded in spring (31.0±1.05 cm) and winter (30.60±1.17 cm) respectively. It could be concluded from this study that the age of rams had a great influence on their sexual behaviour and scrotal circumference, while the effect of breed and season on sexual behaviour and scrotal circumference was not clear.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Cross-sectional anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of fetlock joint in camel Texte intégral
2019
Ibrahim, A.A.H. | Adam, Z.E. | Tawfiek, M.G.
The current study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of fetlock joint in adult camel from both sexes. The study was carried out on twelve fetlock joints of fresh cadavers from three camels. The case history of these camels indicated that they were grossly normal with no orthopedic disorders. The cadaveric fetlock joints (n=12) were scanned using CT scanner and a 1 Tesla MRI scanner, injected with colored latex and sectioned into transverse, dorsal and sagittal slices. Cross anatomical sections were correlated with their corresponding CT and MR images for evaluation of the normal relevant anatomical structures which appeared with different signal intensities on CT and MRI scans. The current study revealed that all major soft tissues in fetlock joint of camel were clearly visualized on both CT and MR images, except the short and cruciate sesamoidean ligaments which could not be identified on both CT and MR images. The anatomical sections with the corresponding CT and MR images obtained in this study could be used as a reference for diagnosis and interpretation of clinical diseases in fetlock joint of camel.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]The ameliorative effect of methanolic red carrot extract and vitamin E against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats Texte intégral
2019
Kamel M. A. Hassanin | Ahmed Abdel-Wahab | Ahmed A Mahmoud | Abdel-Razik H. AbdelRazik | Walaa I. E. Abdel-Badeea
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of methanolic red carrot extract (MRCE) against cadmium intoxication on testis of adult Wister albino male rats. For that purpose, forty eight Wister albino male rats were randomly divided into four groups (12 rats per group). Group 1 (normal control), animals received corn oil. Group 2 (cadmium group), animals received cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at a dose of (5 mg/ kg BW). Group 3 (cadmium &Vit. E group), animals received vitamin E at a dose of (400mg/kg BW) and CdCl2at a dose of (5 mg/kg BW). Group 4 (cadmium & red carrot extract, animals received methanol: water red carrot extract (1:1) at a dose of 400 mg/kg and CdCl2 at a dose of (5 mg/kg BW). All rats were received their corresponding treatment orally by gastric gavage daily for 4 weeks. Result of organ weight analysis in Cd –exposed rats showed a decrease in testes weight. On the contrary, MRCE and vitamin E prophylactic co-treatments with cadmium showed significant increase in testis weights in comparison to cadmium group (P<0.05). Moreover, sperm concentrations were reduced markedly with cadmium while they were upturned greatly after prophylactic co-treatment with either MRCE or vitamin E (P<0.05). Moreover, cadmium induced a significant increase in testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant decrease of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) but both MRCE and vitamin E supplementation succeeded markedly to produce a significant reduction in testicular MDA and noticeable increase of TAC level. Thus, MRCE and vitamin E could be considered optimal prophylactic treatments to protect the testis of rats from cadmium intoxication.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Microbiological evaluation of chicken meat products Texte intégral
2019
F. A. Khalafalla | Fatma, H. M. Ali | A. El-Fouley
The aim of the present study was to compare the microbiological quality and safety of chicken products collected from a poultry processing plant and from the retail market. The collected samples represented 120 chicken product samples (mortadella, frankfurters, burgers, nuggets, fillet and fajita); 60 samples were collected from a poultry processing plant and 60 samples were from retail markets. For assessing the microbiological quality of these products, total bacterial count (TBC), most probable number (MPN) of coliforms and total mold and yeasts were determined. While, for evaluating the safety of collected products, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. As well as, sensory evaluation of collected products was carried out. It was found that the bacterial counts in samples collected from processing plants were lower than corresponding samples collected from retail market. For instance, the obtained mean values of TBC in processing plant samples were 1x10, 4x102, 2x10, 2x10, 3x10 and 6x10 CFU/g in case of chicken mortadella, chicken frank, chicken nuggets, chicken burger, chicken fillet and chicken fajita, respectively. While for retail market samples, TBC mean values were 2x10, 2x10, 3x10, 3x10, 4x10 and 3x10 CFU/g in chicken mortadella, chicken frank, chicken nuggets, chicken burger, chicken fillet and chicken fajita, respectively. It was evident that most of examined chicken product samples either from processing plant or retail markets were contaminated with investigated foodborne pathogens, namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes, in addition to contamination with mold and yeasts. In conclusion, the rate of contamination of chicken products from retail markets was higher than corresponding products obtained from processing plant, which is attributed to contamination of chicken products through bad handling during transportation, storage and marketing, as well as growth of contaminants as a result of improper storage conditions including temperature and humidity.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Normal cross-sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of pastern and coffin joints in camel Texte intégral
2019
Ibrahim, A.A.H. | Adam, Z.E. | Tawfiek, M.G.
The present study aimed to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of pastern and coffin joints in dromedary camel. This study was conducted on twelve distal limbs (fore and hind) of fresh cadavers from three adult camels of both sexes. The specimens appeared normal without orthopedic disorders. Twelve distal limbs were scanned using a 1 Tesla MRI scanner and then injected with colored latex to be sectioned into sagittal, dorsal and transverse slices. Cross anatomical sections were matched with their corresponding MR images for identification and evaluation of the clinically relevant anatomical structures that appeared with different signal intensities on MRI scans. The present study showed that all major soft tissues in pastern and coffin joints of camel were clearly depicted on MR images, however, the palmar/plantar ligaments of pastern joint and ligaments of navicular cartilage could not be identified on MR images. The annotated cross anatomical sections with the corresponding MR images could be used as a normal reference for interpretation of some clinical diseases in pastern and coffin joints of camel.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Effect of virgin olive oil supplementation on lipid profile and oxidative status in rats Texte intégral
2019
Farahat A. A. | Sawiress F. A | Aghwider A. A.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of virgin olive oil on some blood parameters in male Albino rats supplemented with normal diet. thirty male Sprague Dawley rats, (90-110 g), were used in the present study, and were divided into three groups (10 in each), 1st group (control), received basal diet and supplemented with 1ml saline. 2nd and 3rd groups received basal diet, and supplemented daily with 1ml/100 gm B.W and 2ml/100 gm B.W of virgin olive oil (VOO), respectively for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected weekly from all rats. Serum samples was obtained for assay of lipid profile levels and hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) enzyme. Blood lysate was used for antioxidant enzymes activities SOD, GPx and CAT.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]The occurrence and distribution pattern of Eimeria species among domestic pigeons in Minia, Egypt Texte intégral
2019
Sahar M Gadelhaq | AsmaaHAbdelaty
Avian coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease affecting poultry and causes high economic losses in poultry industry, which acts as an important sector in the Egyptian national income. It is caused by genus Eimeria that belongs to subphylum apicomplexa. It affects domestic pigeons causing great losses, particularly in squabs. So, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria species infecting domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) in Minia province. Intestines of 400 domestic pigeons collected from various poultry butcher shops as well as 103 pooled fecal samples of household pigeons were microscopically examined by the flotation technique. The recovered oocysts were morphologically identified. The overall prevalence of Eimeria species infection was 27.0% (108/400) and 72.82% (75/103) in the intestinal and pooled fecal samples respectively. Seasonally, the highest infection rate in the pooled fecal samples was in both spring and autumn (80.0%), while the lowest was in summer (56.0%). Meanwhile, the infection rate of the intestinal samples was the highest in winter (33.33%) and the lowest in autumn (20.0%). Moreover, The monthly infection rate of intestinal samples revealed that September and April had the highest rates;(55.0% and 41.62%). However, no infection rates were found in October and November, while monthly infection rate of fecal samples recorded that January and February showed 100% infection rate. Meanwhile, March and August, showed the lowest rate of infection 28.57% and 42.86% respectively. The morphological identification revealed the presence of four Eimeria species, Eimeria labbeana, E. columbarum E.columbae and E.labbeana-like, in pigeons in Minia province. Further studies are recommended to investigate the life cycle and molecular differentiation of Eimeria species infecting domestic birds.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]The haematological, proinflammatory cytokines and IgG changes during an ovine experimental theileriosis Texte intégral
2019
Gholamreza Razmi | Saeed Yaghfoori | Mehrdad Mohri | Alirez Haghparast | Shahin Tajeri
The haematological, proinflammatory cytokines and IgG changes during an ovine experimental theileriosis Texte intégral
2019
Gholamreza Razmi | Saeed Yaghfoori | Mehrdad Mohri | Alirez Haghparast | Shahin Tajeri
Malignant ovine theileriosis is caused by Theileria lestoquardi, which is highly pathogenic in sheep. Theileriosis involves different organs in ruminants. Little is known about the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of T. lestoquardi infection. The aim of this study was to measure concentration changes of proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G (IgG) during an ovine experimental theileriosis and correlate it with clinical and haematological parameters. During an experimental study, seven healthy Baluchi sheep (four females and three males) about 6–8 months old were infected with T. lestoquardi by feeding of infected unfed ticks on the sheep’s ears. The infected sheep were clinically examined during the study and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21. The haematological parameters were analysed by an automatic veterinary haematology cell counter and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All infected sheep had temperatures above 40 °C on days 3–4 post infection (PI). The maximum temperature was noted on day 7, and it remained high until day 21. The parasitaemia of T. lestoquardi infection increased from 0.01% (day 7 PI) to 3.3% (day 21 PI). The mean white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet values slightly increased on day 2 PI and decreased by day 17 and day 21 PI. The percentage parasitaemia and fever had a negative correlation with the numbers of WBCs, RBCs, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets. The serum concentration of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines increased and peaked on day 12 and thereafter decreased to levels lower than 0. Out of all tested cytokines, the concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher, as early as day 2 PI. No significant changes were observed for the IgG levels during the course of disease. A significant and strong correlation was observed between IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ values and a moderate correlation between IL-6 and the numbers of lymphocytes in the present study. A strong correlation was determined between the percentage parasitaemia and haematological parameters in T. lestoquardi-infected sheep. In addition, preliminary results indicate that the measurement of the serum concentrations of IL-6 in combination with haematological parameters could be considered a good marker to estimate the pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi strain.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]The haematological, proinflammatory cytokines and IgG changes during an ovine experimental theileriosis Texte intégral
2019
Razmi, Gholamreza(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Pathobiology) | Yaghfoori, Saeed(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Pathobiology) | Mohri, Mehrdad(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Clinical Sciences) | Haghparast, Alirez(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Pathobiology) | Tajeri, Shahin(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Pathobiology)
Malignant ovine theileriosis is caused by Theileria lestoquardi, which is highly pathogenic in sheep. Theileriosis involves different organs in ruminants. Little is known about the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of T. lestoquardi infection. The aim of this study was to measure concentration changes of proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G (IgG) during an ovine experimental theileriosis and correlate it with clinical and haematological parameters. During an experimental study, seven healthy Baluchi sheep (four females and three males) about 6-8 months old were infected with T. lestoquardi by feeding of infected unfed ticks on the sheep's ears. The infected sheep were clinically examined during the study and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21. The haematological parameters were analysed by an automatic veterinary haematology cell counter and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All infected sheep had temperatures above 40 °C on days 3-4 post infection (PI). The maximum temperature was noted on day 7, and it remained high until day 21. The parasitaemia of T. lestoquardi infection increased from 0.01% (day 7 PI) to 3.3% (day 21 PI). The mean white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet values slightly increased on day 2 PI and decreased by day 17 and day 21 PI. The percentage parasitaemia and fever had a negative correlation with the numbers of WBCs, RBCs, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets. The serum concentration of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines increased and peaked on day 12 and thereafter decreased to levels lower than 0. Out of all tested cytokines, the concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher, as early as day 2 PI. No significant changes were observed for the IgG levels during the course of disease. A significant and strong correlation was observed between IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ values and a moderate correlation between IL-6 and the numbers of lymphocytes in the present study. A strong correlation was determined between the percentage parasitaemia and haematological parameters in T. lestoquardi-infected sheep. In addition, preliminary results indicate that the measurement of the serum concentrations of IL-6 in combination with haematological parameters could be considered a good marker to estimate the pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi strain.
Afficher plus [+] Moins [-]Brucellosis knowledge, attitudes and practices of a South African communal cattle keeper group Texte intégral
2019
Alicia Cloete | Cornelia Gerstenberg | Natalie Mayet | Stefano Tempia
Brucellosis remains an animal and public health concern in South Africa, given the intensity and widespread distribution of outbreaks in cattle. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among cattle keepers in the Whittlesea community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, which utilises communal grazing. Individual cattle keepers (N = 227) who attended prearranged meetings in selected villages were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding bovine brucellosis. We compared KAP scores between previous brucellosis-affected villages and unaffected villages. We compared attitude and practices scores between those who had heard of brucellosis and those who had not and between those above the 75th percentile knowledge score and those below. The KAP for the study population were described using frequency tables. Scores of different groups were compared using the Welch t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Knowledge scores of those who had heard of brucellosis (60%) showed a bimodal distribution with a 0/18 primary peak and 5–6/18 secondary peak. Attitude scores showed a median of 7/14 (interquartile range [IQR] 6–9), with 98% requesting more information on brucellosis. Practices scores showed a median of 6/18 (IQR 3–8), with high-risk practices identified that could facilitate brucellosis transmission. There were significant differences in attitude and practices scores between the groups above and below the 75th percentile knowledge score. The community showed poor knowledge, poor to average practices and average to good attitude. Identified high-risk practices highlight the risk of potential introduction and transmission of brucellosis between cattle and zoonotic transmission to humans.
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