The aim of this study was to investigate the rumination behavior of cattle in the diagnosis of left displaced abomasum (LDA) and in the surgical correction process. In 6 cows diagnosed with LDA, surgical abomasopexy was performed via left-flank laparotomy. The cow monitoring system attached to the neck of each animal was used to monitor the rumination times. Rumination data were evaluated over a 35-day period covering the healthy period, diagnosis and treatment of LDA. In the healthy period (control group), the mean rumination time of the animals was determined as 508.74±8.52 mins. In the preoperative period, the mean rumination time was determined as 335.57±16.29 mins (-14 and -8 days) and 234.48±13.83 mins (-7 and -1 days) and a statistically significant decrease was determined compared to the healthy period (p<0.001). In the first postoperative week, the rumination time showed a significant increase (393.57±26.9 mins) and in the second postoperative week, the results were similar to those of the healthy period (501.21±17.29 mins). This is the long-term study to have evaluated the change in preoperative and postoperative (35-day period) rumination in cattle diagnosed with LDA. The results demonstrate that rumination behavior is an important marker in the early diagnosis and follow-up of the postoperative prognosis of diseases causing economic loss, such as abomasum displacement.

This present study was aimed to determine the changes of plasma testosterone in North Algerian donkeys, the correlation coefficients between T concentrations and biochemical parameters were estimated. Blood samples were withdrawn in the morning from the jugular vein into a tube containing EDTA. A total of 24 mature healthy donkeys were selected randomly under condition of free stabling period. T concentrations in male donkeys were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. AST, ALT and ALP concentration were measured according to the manufacturer recommendation. As regards the concentration of Ch and Tg, the assay was carried out using the automatic biochemical analyzer. The results indicated that T concentration values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn (2.468±0.66 ng/ml and 2.785±0.49 ng/ml, respectively) seasons than in spring and summer (0.95±0.343 ng/ml and 0.745±0.236 ng/ml, respectively) seasons. Likewise, Ch and Tg values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Also, it is also noteworthy that ALT values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in winter and autumn seasons than in spring and summer seasons. Whereas, AST values were significantly (P<0.05) lower in summer than in winter, autumn and spring seasons. As regards ALP, values mean were practically similar in all seasons. Our finding suggests that the sexual activity probably occurs during winter and autumn in local donkeys of Northern Algeria. In addition, our results of Ch and Tg levels are correlated with season, which may be a good indication of the reproductive performance in donkeys.

Radial and ulnar fractures are common in small animals. Especially toy and miniature breed dogs are at high risk of incidence. Although there are plenty of studies on the treatment of radius and ulna fractures in small animals, studies related to the radius and ulna fractures in toy and miniature breed dogs are limited. The objective of this study was to report the diagnostic information and treatment outcome of radial and ulnar fracture treatment in toy and miniature breed dogs. Radius and ulna fractured 22 toy and miniature breed dogs were included in the study. Clinical findings, radiographic images, treatment applications, prognosis and outcomes were evaluated. As a treatment method, external coaptation in 5 extremities and surgical reduction and osteosynthesis in 17 extremities were performed. Out of 5 dogs who underwent external coaptation, 4 had good outcome and 1 had malunion. Out of 17 patients which underwent surgical treatment, 13 had a good outcome, 2 had nonunion, 1 had surgical site infection, and 1 had malunion and implant failure. As a result, original data on the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis evaluations, and surgical outcomes of radius and ulna fractures of toy and miniature breed dogs were presented. External coaptation considered could be successful in closed and undislocated radius and ulna fractures of toy and miniature breed dogs. However, the surgical approach and osteosynthesis performing are considered essential in dislocated, comminuted, complicated fractures, or open fractures. Further prospective studies are needed to compare specific surgical treatment methods.

Reducing calf deaths and diseases are important for the future and profitability of cattle herds. Early diagnosis and treatment of calf diarrhea can reduce mortality rates and eliminate the need for cattle imports. It is important to produce local molecular kits based on the colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and to use them in the field, instead of using immunocrotographic tests with low sensitivity. With this study, four important enteric pathogens responsible for calf diarrhea (Bovine coronavirus [BCoV; formerly Betacoronavirus 1], group A Bovine rotavirus [BRV], Escherichia coli K99+ and Cryptosporidium parvum) were isolated in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. It is aimed to design a routine molecular kit based on the colorimetric LAMP method that can be detected in tubes in the range of 15-30 minutes. In addition, it is aimed to reveal the test kit performances by comparing the results of these LAMP PCR kits, which we will design, with in-house PCR and immunochromatographic test kits. A total of 100 calves stool samples were included (these samples were confirmed as positive for BcoV (n:25), BRV group A (n:25), Escherichia coli K99+ (n:25) and Cryptosporidium parvum (n:25) by in-house PCR). Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) isolations from Neonatal Calf stool samples were performed using the commercial isolation kit. Results from LAMP kit and rapid antigen kits were compared according to in-house PCR results. Results of this study, especially E. coli K99 diagnostic performance were found to be closer to each other, while performance differences in viral parameters such as BRV and BcoV were found to be significantly different. It was determined that the LAMP PCR method performed better than rapid antigen test. As a conclusion, It is very important for early diagnosis to use the colorimetric LAMP method, which can be detected in separate tubes in 15-30 minutes in farm and field conditions without requiring qualified personnel and complicated devices. We believe that, thanks to early and reliable diagnosis, the calf mortality rates will be greatly reduced, as the infected animals will be treated early.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of intracameral mydriatic combinations on the pupil dilation (PD), intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). In this study 35 animals were divided into 5 groups. The first group (MSic) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin),  the second group (TLic) was tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine,  the third group (BSS) was balanced salt solution. Cats were anesthetized, and all solutions were injected intracamerally. The fourth group (MSt) was phenylephrine hydrochloride (Mydfdrin) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Sikloplejin) and the fifth group (TLt) tropicamide (Tropamid) and 2% lidocaine were given by topically. During this research, the fastest onset of the mydriasis was numerically formed by first group. All intracameral groups were seen having longer duration of mydriasis compared to topical groups. Intraocular pressure decreased after anterior camera paracentesis in all intracameral procedures. In our study, time dependent changes of heart rate were found to be statistically significant in all groups. Our research observed that first and second group successfully created enough mydriasis (>10mm). In terms of pupil diameter, it has been proven that first and second group are usable alternatives administration, and no side effects on intraocular pressure, heart rate or mean arterial pressure.

Obstructive upper respiratory tract diseases are an important cause of poor performance in racehorses. Diagnosis of these diseases can be made easily by endoscopic examination. The aim of this study is to emphasize the frequently encountered obstructive respiratory tract diseases in the endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in thoroughbred Arabian and British racehorses and the importance of endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of these diseases. The study material consisted of 72 horses (37 Arabian, 35 British horses) between the ages of 2-7 who had no respiratory complaints at rest, but had low racing and training performance. No pathology was detected in 32 (44.44%) of 72 horses who underwent clinical and endoscopic examination. it was detected that 19 (47.5%) palatal instability, 10 (25%) dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), 8 (20%) pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, 2 (5%) laryngeal hemiplegia, 1 (2.5%) subepiglottic cyst of the remaining horses. As a result, it should be considered that there may be obstructive respiratory tract problems in horses that have a very good general health status at rest and show low racing and training performance. In addition, clinical examination in these horses should be supported by an upper respiratory tract endoscopic examination.

Zonulin, a well-recognized protein, is influencing the integrity of intercellular connections in the intestines. It has also been evidenced that heat stress (hS) might alter intestinal permeability. In the present retrospective field research the aim was to investigate the gastrointestinal permeability of calves exposed to hS (especially in summer) by determining serum zonulin levels and their relationship to seasonal dissipation among appearently healthy calves. As two different months represented 2 seasons, serum zonulin concentrations in January 2022 (at 20:00 pm 4°C and 08:00 am 10°C) and June 2022 (at 20:00 pm 19°C and 08:00 am 27°C) exhibited significant differences. Inter-group and intra-group comparison showed statistically significant differences (p=0.012) both in seasonal distribution and spatial distribution at different day/night times. When compared between the January and June groups, the mean zonulin levels (ng/mL) at 12 pm and 08:00 am in the January group were 28.04±12.49 vs. 11.55±8.45, respectively (p=0.012). On the other hand at June group the mean zonulin levels at 12 pm and 08.00 am were 58.54±19.16 vs 24.03±9.9, respectively (p=0.012). Obtained results should be cautiously subjected to interpretation, in which hS affect intestinal integrity and seasonal dissipation of circulating zonulin levels should be taken into consideration for intestinal health of calves.

Osteomyelitis is a severe bone disease that is difficult to treat and causes serious socioeconomic problems. This study aimed to examine the bioactivity of hesperidin in an in vivo Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis model. Total of 28 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=7). Groups were designated as Group 1: Control group, Group 2: Sham group, Group 3: Osteomyelitis group, and Group 4: Treatment group (Hesperidin+Osteomyelitis). Unilateral tibial osteomyelitis was induced by administering arachidonic acid and 1×106 CFU-1 bacterial suspension through a hole drilled from the tibial crest. The rats in the treatment group were given hesperidin once a day by oral gavage for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated radiographically, biochemically, and histopathologically. The mean scores of intraosseous acute inflammation, intraosseous chronic inflammation, periosteal inflammation, and bone necrosis were evaluated histopathologically. The score was 0 in the control group, 0-2 in the sham group, 9-14 in the osteomyelitis group, and 2-6 in the treatment group. The median values of IAI, ICI, PI, BN, and total histopathological scores of the treatment group were significantly lower than the osteomyelitis group. Biochemically, oxidative stress increased significantly in the osteomyelitis model, however, it significantly decreased in the group treated with hesperidin. Nrf-2 translation levels increased by 0.2% in the sham group compared to the control group and decreased by 26% in the osteomyelitis group but increased by 42% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Compared to the control group, NF-kB translation levels increased by 6% and 21% in the sham and osteomyelitis groups, respectively. However, this value decreased by 9% in the treatment group compared to the osteomyelitis group. Radiographically, the combined score reduced by 65% in the treatment group in comparison to the osteomyelitis group. In conclusion, hesperidin showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-kB and antioxidant activity by increasing Nrf-2, both of which play a role in inflammatory pathways. In light of all these findings, it can be said that hesperidin can be used as a potential therapeutic or an agent that can contribute to the treatment of osteomyelitis.

In this review, the use of some feed additives in the diets of ruminant animals is discussed. Brief information about the anatomy of the digestive system of ruminants and the metabolism of some nutrients in these animals are presented. In addition, summary information about some feed additives used in animal nutrition is given. Particularly detailed information about pre/probiotics among feed additives is presented, and the effects of S. cerevisiae, known as yeast, are discussed. In ruminant animals, unlike the monogastrics, feed additives, especially pre-and probiotics, are utilized to affect fermentation in the rumen. In addition, it is seen that it is used to increase immunity in pre-ruminants. However, it is obvious that more studies are needed on these issues.

Propolis is a resinous natural product produced by honey bees by mixing collected buds and exudates of plants with bee wax. Bees use propolis to protect themselves against wind and rain by using it to construct and repair hives. Propolis has a wide range of biological effects as it is a mixture of natural substances, and it is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects. Propolis has been used in traditional medicine since time immemorial. Research studies on the anti-tumor effects of propolis extracts and components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their esters demonstrate their potential to be used in the development of new anti-tumor agents. Propolis shows an anti-carcinogenic effect against cancers of the brain, head and neck, skin, breast, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, prostate, colon, and blood. In-vivo and in-vitro studies have shown that propolis has cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic or anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, and proapoptotic properties. Its main mechanisms in cancer treatment can be explained as prevention of metastasis, arrest of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis and alleviation of harmful side effects caused by chemotherapy. The beneficial effects of natural products on human health have been reported in studies to prevent tumor formation and/or suppress the growth of tumors into cancer. In this review, detailed information about the properties, biological effects, and anti-cancer effects of propolis was given by reviewing current literatures.