Milk and dairy products are an important exposure route for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to humans. For this reason milk, kareish cheese and yoghurt analyzed for the presence of fourteen organochlorine pesticides namely Alpha HCH, Gamma HCH, Delta HCH, Aldrin, Gamma Chlordane, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endrin, , p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor using gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD. A total of 90 random samples of raw cow's milk samples and dairy products (30 of each) were collected from 4 districts in Fayoum Governorate (Fayoum, Etssa, senoris and Tamia) during a period from September 2017 to January 2018. The results indicated that 6.60%(6/90) , 5.50%(5/90), 25.55%(23/90), 13.33%(12/9), 11.11%(10/90), 1.11%(1/90), 18.88%(17/90), 8.88%(8/90), 15.55%(14/90), 17.77%(16/90) and 22.22%(20/90) of the examined samples were contaminated with Alpha HCH, Gamma HCH, Delta HCH, Aldrin, Gamma Chlordane, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and methoxychlor,respectively. None of the examined samples revealed the presence of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide. Generally the concentrations in the examined samples followed the order of Delta HCH > methoxychlor > Gamma HCH > p,p'-DDD > Dieldrin > Aldrin > Gamma Chlordane > Endosulfan > p,p'-DDE > Endrin > Alpha HCH.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of boron supplementation in ration of rams on their productive activity and semen quality. For that purpose, twelve rams were divided into two groups (6 rams/ each). Rams of the first control group were fed the basal ration. Concerning the second group (boron group), the rams were fed the basal ration plus 400 mg boric acid (BA) / kg diet as a source of boron. The rams in both groups fed their corresponding ration for 4 months ad libitum. Blood samples were collected monthly throughout the experimental period. Semen samples were collected at the 12th and 16th weeks of the experiment. The results clarified that the serum levels of tetraiodotyrosine (T4) were observed to be elevated significantly (P<0.05) with growing of age in the rams fed B, but they didn't change in the control group. In addition, the semen quality was maintained normal with boronsupplementation as the individual sperm motilities and live/dead sperm cells percentages were similar to control. Also, boronsupplementation didn't induce any adverse effects on the serum levels of Mg when compared to control group. Thus, boronis considered a potential and useful supplement in ration of rams to improve the thyroid activities and didn't induce any adverse effects on either semen quality or serum magnesium level in rams.

This study was conducted to evaluatethe degree of biosecurity level with especial reference to Salmonella Spp as an example to explain the expected causes and risk factors that leads to spread them in poultry flocks in Egypt then studied farms evaluated for the sensitivity of Salmonella isolates to the most common disinfectants used in Egypt. About 300 samples (100 cloacal swabs, 100 liver and intestinal samples, 100 litter samples) were collected from 10 broiler farms with different age (at 0 old day, one week, 2,4 and 6 weeks of age) then the samples were investigated for Salmonella Sppand subsequently identified based on biochemical and serological tests.The obtained results showed that 35 Salmonella species were isolated from 10 broiler poultry houses (25%);(6%) and (4%) from cloacal swab;liver and litter, respectively. Average prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 11.33 % in open broiler houses whether raised Cobb, Ross or Sasso breeds. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidis and S.Kentucky were the most serovars out of the 35 detected isolates. There was great statistical significant difference in the sensitivity of Salmonella isolates to the most common disinfectants(P<0.05)asVerkon- S® achieved 3 log reduction, after 5-minute,Formalin and Phenique were achieved 3 log reductions against S. entriditisafter one-minute Aldekol Des- Gda® achieved one log reduction after one minute, TH4®,Biosentry® 904 and Iodophoreachieved 2 log reductions after 5 minutes.

The present work was done to investigate the interrelationship between the ovarian activity and each of seasonal environment, hormonal pattern, age and body condition scores(BCS) in shecamel. Over a period of one year (November 2005– October 2006), jugular blood samples were collected from 320 she-camel (5-20 years old) in Cairo–slaughter house during their antimortum inspection and body condition was scored. Immediately, after slaughter both ovaries were individually collected and morphometric findings were recorded. The results of hormonal assay including estrogen (E), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were recorded. The obtained hormonal levels were studied in relation to the ovarian findings and seasonal variation. Moreover the ovarian activity was studied in relation to age and BCS. According to the ovarian findings and hormonal levels, there is clear breeding season in dromedary camel extended from November to April under Egyptian conditions. Otherwise, the period from May to October (non-breeding season) has a lower ovarian activity and concomitant with lower hormonal levels. She-camel reaches its maturity later and has a higher longevity than cattle. The best reproductive capacity of she-camel are found within 8-15 years of age (BCS,2.92±0.21).

FMD virus type A/1/ Egypt 2006 was inactivated with 0.1 M of BEI (Binary ethylene imine) formed by cyclization of 2- Bromoethyl-amine hydrobromide (BEA) in 0.2 N NaoH at 37oC with PH 8.0 for 24 hours. The virus was complete inactivated after 15 hours post inactivation. No residual virus particles were detected when inoculated in tissue culture. The inactivation rates are linear with a regular loss of titer ranged from 0.5- 1.0 log10 / hour. Control sample of virus at 37oC without BEI showed only a loss of 1.0 log from the original infectivity titer after 24 hours. The sample of virus which kept at -20oC, without BEI, showed loss 0.3 log10 from its original infectivity titer after 24 hours. There is no change in the complement fixing antigen before and after inactivation process with BEI inactivator and in the CFT 7 dilution of antigen was stable (fixed) pre and post inactivation of virus. Also it was found that the inactivation rate of BEI was higher than the inactivation with pure Ethylenimine (EI) and formalin.

The objective of the current study was to present baseline data on the morphology and surface architecture of the oviduct in adult female Balady duck grossly and by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifteen apparently healthy adult female Balady ducks were used which weighted (2-4 kg). Two birds were formalized while the other birds were used in the fresh state for dissection then careful evisceration of the oviduct. For SEM five of the latter were used immediately after immersion in saline. Our data anatomically revealed that infundibulum had funnel and tubular parts, magnum was highly convoluted pale white or creamy color, less convoluted isthmus, dilated uterus and S-shape spiral vagina. The inner wall of the duct contains longitudinal folds in the first four parts while the vagina showed transverse thick folds. color of the mucosa was reddish in infundibulum, magnum and isthmus while greenish brown in color in the uterus and whitish yellow in the vagina. SEM showed primary and secondary folds allover the oviduct which became more thicker in the uterus and carrying tertiary folds in the vagina.

The current work aimed to study the phenotypic and genotypic characters of oxidase positive Gram negative bacterial pathogens recovered from different pathological lesions in broiler chickens. Samples were taken from 200 Hubbard and Ross broiler chickens of different ages (3-5weeks), from different farms in Beni-Suef and El-Fayoum Governorates during the period from January 2016 to April 2016. Bacteriological examination showed that Gram negative bacteria were 165 (82.5%) of isolates of which 60 isolates (30%) were oxidase negative while 105 isolates (52.5%) were oxidase positive including 43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 35 Aeromonas hydrophila, 12 Pasteurella gallicida, 10 Plesiomonas shigelloides, and 5 Vibrio vulnificus with incidences of 21.5%, 17.5%, 6% 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. The in-vitro sensitivity tests were applied on a total of 59 isolates; 20 P. aeruginosa, 19 A. hydrophila, 10 P. gallicida, 5 P. shigelloides and 5 V. vulnificus against 13 different antimicrobial agents and multidrug resistant isolates were detected. Multiplex-PCR was applied on 15 different MDR isolates. The results of PCR revealed that blaTEM, CIT and FOX genes were the most prevalent where they were found in 8 isolates (53.3%) followed by blaSHV which was found only in 5 isolates (33.3%)

This study was carried out on serum samples collected from broiler breeder chicken flocks vaccinated with avian influenza (AI) H5N1 inactivated vaccine. These flocks included 23 flocks aged 13 to 47 weeks reared in close houses in 7 sites; two vaccinated breeder flocks for HI antibody monitoring by 5 weeks interval samples and 8 flocks aged 41 weeks reared in different sites with identified females and males samples. The vaccine was used in a dose of 0.2 ml at 1 day in hatchery and revaccinated with 0.5 ml at age of 18 days, 19- 20 weeks and 40 weeks. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was carried out against homologous antigen. The study pointed out that AI H5N1 inactivated vaccine under field application induced irregular and low HI titres following the 1st two doses ranged from log 2 0.0 to 4.15 with great variation between flocks, where samples with titre 0-2 ranged from 20 to 100%. The 3rd dose at 19-20 weeks was essential to elevate HI titres 3.25 to 7.44 with more homogenizes flock immunity and lower percentage of titres 0-2 ( 0-20 %) and as measured by HI test. Revaccination of layer flocks at 40 weeks (fourth dose) improves flock immunity facing stress of egg production as evaluated by HI (5.52 - 6.33) and lower negative percentage (5.5-11.7%). Monitoring of breeder flock every 5 weeks is essential to detect proper time of revaccination as each flock has its HI antibody curve. There was a difference in HI tit re rang log 2 0.33 to 1.2 between male and female chicks reared in the same house, but this variation not affecting flock mean. Birds at aged 41 weeks having titres < log2 3 (Seronegative) were protected when exposed to contact with infected flock as showed no clinical signs or change in HI titres after 12 days. In conclusion the usage of homologous inactivated H5N1 vaccine in 4 doses in layer flocks was of value in improving chicken immunity to AI H5N1 wild strain circulate in our field

The prevalence rate of bacterial isolates of public health importance in pigeons was (28.16%). The incidence of bacterial pathogens differed according to health status of examined pigeons and ages either squabs or adults, as it gave the higher incidence in freshly dead squabs (33.33%) and in adults (28.57%) followed by diseased squabs (31.03%) and adults (26.67%) then finally slaughtered pigeons (25.56%). There was a wide range of bacterial pathogens isolated from nasal and cloacal swabs of diseased pigeons including C. jejuni, Citrobacter freundii, D. pneumoniae, E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, Mannheimia haemolytica, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica. There were variations between the incidence and the species of pathogens isolated from cloacal and nasal swabs either in squabs or in adults K. oxytoca, Mannheimia haemolytica and Y. enterocolitica never isolated from adult. It was appeared that the deaths usually occurred due to combination of more than one bacterium. On the examination of internal organs slaughtered pigeons, there were differences in the incidences of bacterial isolation form different organs. Serological identification of most prevalent isolates revealed 5 Salmonella serovars including, 3 P. aeruginosa serogroups and 6 E. coli serogroups. All examined pathogens were sensitive to enrofloxacin followed by gentamicin then ciprofloxacin. In contrast, streptomycin then erythromycin and colistin sulphate showed the lowest effect. Among the isolates tested, P. aeruginosa was resistant to the most used antibiotics..Most isolated strains of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica from pigeons were elaborating enterotoxin. S. paratyphi A and S typhimurium var. copenhagen were 100% enterotoxigenic followed by S. typhimurium(83.33%) , E. coli O8 and Ps. aeruginosa I (75%) in each. On other hand, lower enterotoxin production was observed in Ps. aeruginosa A (46.15%) and E. coli O111 (44.44%).

A total of (120) sample of ready to eat (RTE) meat;(20) each of cooked luncheon, frankfurter, hot dog, pasterma, shawrma and smoked luncheon were collected from different shops and grocery stores in Beni-Suef City. To be examined for their microbial load for aerobic plate count (APC), most probable number (MPN) of coliforms, fecal coliforms and E.coli as well as Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci were enumerated. Additionally E.coli, salmonella and Listeria were isolated and identified biochemically. Aerobic plate count (APC) had the highest mean value in shawerma (1×107 ± 5×106CFU/g), shawerma also showed the highest most probable number (MPN) of coliforms and fecal coliforms (11 and 6 CFU/g) mean while pasterma was the highest contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (3×104 CFU/g) and the highest count of enterococci was detected in hot dog (3×105 CFU/g). On the other hand each of E.coli, Salmonella and Listeria species were failed to be detected in any of the examined samples. The public health significance as well as the recommendations to produce safe and high quality ready to eat (RTE) meat products were mentioned.