A 2-year-old intact female Bengal cat was presented with a 6-month history of visual impairment. The cat manifested bilateral negative menace responses and dazzle reflexes and sluggish pupillary light reflexes. Bilateral fundus changes included generalized tapetal hyperreflectivity, advanced retinal vascular attenuation, and increased pallor of the optic disc. A diagnosis of bilateral retinal degeneration was made. The clinical findings suggest that the investigated Bengal cat was most likely to have an inherited retinal degeneration. Further studies of the Bengal cat breed are needed to determine the prevalence of inherited retinal degeneration in this breed in Korea.

A 2-year-old, spayed female, Korean domestic short-hair cat was presented with depression and vomiting. The patient had history of weight loss lasting seven months. Physical examination revealed icterus in the pinna, oral mucosa, and sclera. Based on ultrasonography and computed tomography, tentative diagnosis was extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction with acquired portosystemic shunt (PSS). Tumor or inflammation of hepatobiliary system was suspected as the cause of obstruction of the common bile duct. But it could not be determined without biopsy. The severely dilated cystic duct was considered to cause portal hypertension and secondary multiple PSS. The patient expired without histopathologic examination.

Due to their similarities with humans in anatomy, physiology, and genetics miniature pigs are becoming an attractive model for biomedical research. We aim to establish and evaluate blood type O cells derived from Korean native pig (KNP), a typical miniature pig breed in Korea. Ten cell lines derived from 8 KNP piglets and one adult female KNP (kidney and ear tissues) were established. To confirm the presence of blood type O, genomic DNA, fucosyltransferase (FUT) expression, and immunofluorescence staining were examined. Additionally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and somatic cell nuclear transfer were performed to investigate the normality of the cell lines and to evaluate their effectiveness in embryo development. We found no significant bands corresponding to specific blood group A, and no increase in FUT expression in cell lines derived from piglets No. 1, No. 4, No. 5, No. 8, and the adult female KNP; moreover, they showed normal levels of expression of α 1,3-galactosyltransferase and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase. There was no significant difference in embryo development between skin and kidney fibroblasts derived from the blood type O KNPs. In conclusion, we successfully established blood type O KNP cell lines, which may serve as a useful model in xenotransplantation research.

Virulence-associated genes have been recognised and detected in Campylobacter species. The majority of them have been proven to be associated with pathogenicity. This study aimed to detect the presence of virulence genes associated with pathogenicity and responsible for invasion, expression of adherence, colonisation and production of the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Commercial chicken faecal samples were randomly sampled from chicken farms within the Durban metropolitan area in South Africa. Furthermore, human clinical Campylobacter spp. isolates were randomly sampled from a private pathology laboratory in South Africa. Out of a total of 100 chicken faecal samples, 78% (n = 78) were positive for Campylobacter growth on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate and from the random laboratory collection of 100 human clinical isolates, 83% (n = 83) demonstrated positive Campylobacter spp. growth following culturing methods. These samples were screened for the presence of the following virulence genes: cadF, hipO, asp, ciaB, dnaJ, pldA, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. As expected, the cadF gene was present in 100% of poultry (n = 78) and human clinical isolates (n = 83). Campylobacter jejuni was the main species detected in both poultry and human clinical isolates, whilst C. coli were detected at a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.05). Eight per cent of the C. jejuni from human clinical isolates had all virulence genes that were investigated. Only one C. coli isolate demonstrated the presence of all the virulence genes investigated; however, the pldA virulence gene was detected in 100% of the C. coli isolates in poultry and a high percentage (71%) in human clinical C. coli isolates as well. The detection of cdt genes was found at higher frequency in poultry than human clinical isolates. The high prevalence rates of virulence genes detected in poultry and human clinical isolates demonstrate their significance in the pathogenicity of Campylobacter species.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the major trans-boundary animal diseases in East Africa causing economic loss to farmers and other stakeholders in the livestock industry. Foot-and-mouth disease occurs widely in both Uganda and Tanzania with annual outbreaks recorded. With the recent introduction of the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD control (PCP-FMD) in eastern Africa, knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD at the border area between Uganda and Tanzania is helpful in framing engagement with the initial stages of the PCP. Retrospective data collected between 2011 and 2016 from four districts located along the border areas of Uganda and Tanzania, recorded 23 and 59 FMD outbreaks, respectively, for the entire study period. Analysis showed that 46% of the 82 recorded outbreaks occurred in 20% of sub-counties and wards immediately neighbouring the Uganda-Tanzania border and 69.5% of the outbreaks occurred during the dry months. While the serotypes of the FMD virus responsible for most outbreaks reported in this region were not known, previous research reported South African Territory (SAT) 1, SAT 2 and O to be the serotypes in circulation. The results from this study provide evidence of the endemic status of FMD on the Uganda-Tanzania border and emphasise that the border area should be given due consideration during FMD control drives and that cross-border coordination should be prioritised. With the limited data on circulating serotypes in this area, there is a need for more vigilance on FMD case detection, laboratory diagnostic confirmation and provision of more complete documentation of outbreaks. This work further recommends more studies on cross-border livestock movement coupled with phylogenetics in order to understand the spread of the FMD in the border area.

Assessment of the sperm membrane functional status appears to be a significant marker for the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. The hypo osmotic swelling test (HOST) is one of the best methods to evaluate sperm membrane integrity. In the current study, we used DW and hypo osmotic solutions of 50 and 100mOsm/l of dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose and fructose. Based on the results, Among the dextrose/NaCl, NaCl, sucrose, and fructose solutions and DW, Maximum numbers of swollen of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa were observed with DW and dextrose/NaCl solution at 50 mOsm with average response by 61.20&plusmn;8.677 and 47.90&plusmn;10.181 respectively. The HOST response at 3 and 60 min for all of solutions were positively correlated to each other and there was no significant difference between the responses to the HOST at 3 and 60 min after incubation in all of solutions. The significant correlation was observed between motility and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm, sucrose 50 and 100 mOsm, NaCl 50 mOsm and DW. The high relationship was between motility and DW and dextrose/NaCl at 50 mosm. There was no significant correlation between DW and all of hypoosmotic solutions with staining of the spermatozoa by eosin/nigrosin. In conclusion, the water test can be efficiently used for the evaluation of the functional integrity of the plasma membrane of bull frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The hypoosmular solution of dextrose/NaCl at 50 mOsm is a good medium to evaluate bull frozen spermatozoa. The used of HOST and motility are better tests to evaluate bull frozen thawed sperm than eosin-nigrosin. The short HOST procedure (3 min) is suitable method for evaluating of membrane integrity of bull frozen/thawed spermatozoa.

A total number of 90 (45 soft white and 45 processed) local cheese samples purchased from Mosul City supermarkets from March to June 2013 were analyzed for Afla toxine (M1),AFM1 using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results showed that 37 soft white cheese samples (82.22%) were positive to residual AFM1 with a range between 0.000-0.470 ppb and a mean of 0.133 ppb, while all the 45 processed cheese samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 at a range between 0.040-0.810 ppb and a mean of 0.213 ppb the difference between mean was significant (p

The semen was collected from five adult Iraqi black local bucks by the artificial vagina and using estrous induced doe the semen was diluted with egg yolk 10% extender and frozen by liquid nitrogen for three months, macroscopic and microscopic evaluation were done after collection, dilution and thawing, three media(TCM-199, DMEM and SOF)were used to see the their effect on activation of spermatozoa. The results showed that TCM-199 media presented higher significance in sperm motility, progressive motility compared with DMEM and SOF media. There was a great decrease in the concentration of spermatozoa after activation using these media which didn’t differ significantly among them and they were higher significantly compared with control in normal morphology.

The research study the distribution patterns and residues behavior of Pb, Cr and Co between dairy products [yoghurt, cheese and fatty dairy products ( kishfa, Gaymer and cream)] and their by-products (whey and skim milk) manufactured from experimentally polluted raw ewe̓ s, buffalo̓ s and cow̓ s milk were investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The studied metals (Pb, Cr and Co) were concentrated in both cheese and fatty dairy products (kishfa, gaymer and cream) as they recorded concentration factors in cheese produced from raw ewe̓ s, buffalo̓ s and cow̓ s milk of 3.849, 3.466 and 2.452, 3.804, 2.938 and 2.342 and 2.995, 2.682 and 2.336 folds, respectively and 3.693, 3.164 and 2.339, 3.347, 2.773 and 2.242 and 2.601, 2.156 and 2.14 folds, respectively in kishfa, gaymer and cream produced from raw ewe̓ s, buffalo̓ s and cow̓ s milk compared with metals concentrations reported in raw milk used for preparing these products, whereas the by-products of cheese and fatty dairy products processing (whey and skim milk, respectively) contained Pb, Cr and Co concentrations lower than these present in raw milk as they recorded reduction levels of 71.6, 58 and 31.7, 63.7, 39.5 and 27 and 31.4, 20 and 9.5%, respectively in whey and 37.3, 29.9 and 12.1, 41.7, 27 and 19.3 and 21.3, 7.8 and 5.2%, respectively in skim milk. Yoghurt processed from the raw ewe̓ s, buffalo̓ s and cow̓ s milk contained Pb, Cr and Co metals at mean concentration levels similar to and slightly less than those found in raw milk as the reduction levels amounted 0, 0.6 and 1, 0.1, 0.7 and 1.4 and 0.6, 0.8 and 1.9%, respectively. Generally, metals exhibited significant differences (p˂0.05) in their distribution and residues behavior in dairy products and their by-products and comparable to raw milk used in processing as they arranged as follows: cheese> fatty dairy products (kishfa, Gaymer and cream)> raw milk> yoghurt> skim milk> whey, except yoghurt and raw milk which difference was not significant (p˂0.05). Also, metals found in studying dairy products in the order of Pb > Cr > Co, in contrast to their by-products as they arranged reversibly. Finally, metals concentrated in cheese and kishfa produced from raw ewe̓ s milk, in addition to cheese and gaymer produced from raw buffalo̓ s milk at levels significantly higher (p˂0.05) than those present in cheese and cream produced from raw cow̓ s milk.

A total of 60 one-day old Ross broiler chicks were used in this study. The birds were divided into four groups. The first group A was vaccinated against IBD with a Cevac IBD L vaccine at one-day old by intra-yolk sac method (lYS) with a dose of 0.5ml using a (1ml) syringe, whereas the second group B was vaccinated against IBD with the same vaccine at 14 days of age by drinking water method (DW). The third group C and fourth group D were considered as a positive and negative control respectively . On day 35, the birds were weight and killed to collect blood samples and lymphoid organs were removed and weight to study the effects of (lYS) rout on body weight , lymphoid organ weights and the humeral immune response to IBD vaccine which measured by ELISA test. The results showed significant differences at (P&le;0.05) in body weight of group A, in addition significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in the all lymphoid organs weight , Bursa of fabricius (BF) was 1.643 a &plusmn;0.066 in group comparison with other groups which had been recorded 1.102 b &plusmn;0.022, 0.850 c &plusmn;0.067 in group B and C respectively. Group B indicated that was a significant decrease at (p&lt;0.05) in the weight of of spleen which was 1.102 b &plusmn; 0.022 in comparison to control groups. With regard to serological test, bird from group A recorded higher Ab titer 24038 a&plusmn; 685 compared to those of other groups , and this increment was statically significant (p&lt;0.05), however both group A and B revealed a53 significant differences( p &lt;0.05) from the control groups. Generally the results indicated that intra-yolk sac method was highly effective rout of IBD vaccine administration