Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome consists of 10 segmented double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA). Of these, genome segment 2 (Seg-2), which encodes outer capsid protein VP2 is the primary determinant of virus serotype. In the present study, partial VP2 gene of KRL2/2017 (BTV-16) isolate collected from Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh was amplified to know the evolutionary relationship of this isolate with previously reported Indian and global BTV-16 isolates. Seg-2 sequence data of KRL2/2017, showed >98% nucleotide identity with other Indian isolates. Comparison of this isolate with BTV-16 isolates across the world, showed higher sequence homology to isolates of Japan followed by Greece and China than to those of isolates from South Africa, Italy, UK, Australia and Indonesia. Phylogenetic analysis suggest that the isolate of the current study belong to eastern topotype similar to the viruses recovered from Japan, Greece and China reflecting their common eastern origin.

The effect of GnRH pretreatment on superovulatory response (SOR) and embryo yield in crossbred cattle was studied. Six crossbred cows were subjected to three superovulatory treatments: i. Control: Four day FSH schedule was initiated on Day 10 of the cycle ii. Gn-D8: GnRH was administered on Day 6 and FSH schedule was initiated on Day 8 and iii. Gn­D10: GnRH was administered on Day 6 and FSH schedule was initiated on Day 10. In control group, the mean SOR was 13.7 + 5.8 CL. In Gn-D8 group, the SOR is inconsistent (5.0 ± 1.7) with recovery of poor quality embryos, which was attributed to significantly higher progesterone concentration on the day of superovulatory oestrus. In Gn-D10 group, SOR (11.0 ± 1.6) and embryo yield were comparable to the control group. Transferable quality embryos were signcantly higher in Gn-D10 group which could be attributed to the follicular maturation under favourable endocrine environment. Thus, GnRH pretreatment in superovulation protocol ensured consistent SOR and increased yield of transferable quality embryos in crossbred cattle.

The objective of the study is to analyze the alterations in the protein profile of follicular cells in normal cyclic and acyclic anoestrus water buffaloes. Ovaries from sexually mature buffaloes were collected from abattoir and categorized into two groups viz., i. Cyclic and ii. Acyclic. In both the categories of ovaries, the follicular fluid (FF) was aspirated from all large follicles (> 9mm diameter) and small follicles (< 9 mm diameter) separately. FF was centrifuged and four categories of pelleted granulosa cells (CSG and ASG: Granulosa cells of small follicles in cyclic and acyclic groups respectively; CLG and ALG: Granulosa cells of large follicles in cyclic and acyclic groups respectively) were subjected for SDS-PAGE analysis. A total of 30 and 18 bands (from 7.1 to 209.0 kDa) were observed in CSG and CLG categories, while 16 bands in each of the ASG and ALG were recorded. It was observed that 40 per cent of bands present in the CSG group were not observed in CLG group. On the contrary, almost all the proteins found in ASG group were retained in the ALG group. It can be inferred that a group of small molecular weight granulosa cell proteins, correlating to IGF / IGFBP system, play a key role in providing a favorable proteo-genomic environment in the early stages of follicular development. In acyclic animals, retaining of such proteins in the large follicles indicated that the non-availability of metabolic factors needed for final maturation of follicles.

A 2 years old Labrador dog brought with history of ingestion of a newly paper covered packet shaving blade immediately falling from owner's hand during his shaving one day after the incident. There were no clinical signs observed and the dog was normal. Lateral radiography taken showed radio-opaque shaving blade in the stomach area. Solid food was not given after ingestion of shaving blade till surgical intervention and under general anaesthesia shaving blade was removed surgically. The stomach was sutured with vicryl no. 1/0 in continuous lumbert and cushing pattern in double layer. Post-operatively administration of antibiotics, analgesics and regular dressing of wound was done and dog recovered uneventfully.

A study was conducted to assess the quality control practices of both physical and chemical methods of evaluation adopted by feed mills in India while procuring the feed ingredients for preparing poultry feeds. Based on physical methods of evaluation of different feed ingredients, 6.4 % of lots were found to be inferior quality out of 2606 lots tested. The results indicated that the moisture content of grains procured during the period from October to December months was high whereas it was low from April to July. The protein content of soybean meal varied from 45.5 to 47.5% while its solubility varied from 72.1 to 83.2%. The rejection of raw material consignments was 7.85 %. The major reasons for rejection included high moisture, low protein, high level of sand amp; silica, adulteration / contamination with foreign materials. the findings of this study emphasis ther sgnificance of strict quality control measures to be adopted to ensure feed and food safety.

An investigation was carried out to assess the nurtional , texture profile, microbial and sensory quality of wafer cones. Refined wheat flour and water, lecthin oil, vegetable fat, baking powder, SMBS (Sodium Meta Bisulphite) were used for the preparation of the wafer cone. Treatments were prepared with casein powder at the rate of 3, 5 and 7 per cent for enriching the wafer cones and control samples were prepared by using refined wheat flour. The quality assessment for moisture, protein and fat was carried out using infrared analyser from NDC technologies. Sensory acceptability was assessed by 9- Point Hedonic Scale and results were analysed statistically.

A retrospective study was carried out to assess the udder affections of cows that were presented to the Large Animal Medicine Referral Clinic of Veterinary College and Research Institute, Thanjavur, Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu during June 2017 to April 2018. In this study involving 161 cows, 4 cows were found to have udder swelling / abscess diagnosed by ultrasound and percutaneous aspiration done under sonagraphic guidance. Udder ultrasound revealed hyperechoic alveolar tissue with anechoic/ heterogenous content in the affected quarters. Aspirated samples were culturally positive for the isolate Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest susceptibility to streptomycin followed by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and amoxycillin with good recovery on treatment.

Tiruchy Black is one of the coarse wool breeds of sheep reared in Tamil Nadu. An investigation was undertaken to ascertain the migratory pattern and socio-economic status of Tiruchy Black sheep at 71 flocks in 53 villages of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri Districts of Tamil Nadu. The migratory tracts were almost regular over the year in the breeding tract. A total of eight migratory tracts comprising of three major and five minor tracts were identified. The overall distance covered was 98.64 ± 1.13 km with a range of 15 to 128 km. The mean radial migratory distance was 184.12 ± 1.42 with range from 65 to 234 in major tracts and 34.12 ± 1.62 with a range of 15 to 64 Km in minor tracts. The Tiruchy Black sheep farmers family size was comprised of 2-5 numbers and both the genders were involved in sheep rearing. In the present study, it was observed that vast majority of sheep farmers belonged to the most backward (72.16 %), followed by backward (22.37 %) and others (5.47 %). Majority of sheep farmers belonged to the ‘Kurumba Gounders’ (96.00%). A small proportion of them in small farms belonged to the Vanniyars (4.00%). Statistical analysis revealed no significant relation between caste, community and farm size. Depending upon the condition of the animal, prices of adult rams and ewes varied from Rs. 7,000 to 8,000 and from Rs.5000 to 6,000 respectively. Surplus ram lambs were sold at the age of 3 to 5 months for Rs.1,750 to 2,500. It is concluded that the Tiruchy Black sheep farmers were following traditionally migratory pattern over the generations and which helps improves their socio­economic status in the breeding tract of Tamil Nadu.

nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The pelvic girdle of Chinese goose was a large, elongated bone, narrow cranially (3.0 cm) and wide (8.0 cm) caudally. It consisted of two os coxae, each of which was made up of an ilium, an ischium and a pubis. The ilium of the Chinese goose was the largest and longest (14 cm) bone of the os coxae. The pre-acetabular part of the ilium was 6.80 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. The post-acetabular part of ilium was 7.2 cm long. The ilioneural canal was slightly broad in front and narrow caudally. The pelvic surface of ilium showed six openings on either side of the bodies of the lumbosacral mass. The ischiatic foramen was 3.60 cm long and 1.20 cm wide. The ischium was triangular in shape and 7.50 cm long. The caudal border of the pelvis was wide (7.50 cm) and showed a deep notch. The pubis was long (12.0cm), thin, bent rod-like bone, projected well beyond the caudal border of the os coxae and bent medially. The pectineal process was short and rounded. Pneumatic foramina were absent in the os coxae of the Chinese goose. The acetabulum was large and formed by all the three bones. The anti-trochanter was quadrilateral in shape and prominent.

In present day, supplementation of extra minerals and vitamins is highly essential in commercial diets due to high productivity and to withstand the detrimental effects of different stresses. Selenium is one of essential trace minerals for better growth and productivity as well as anti-stressor in commercial broilers. Nano-selenium can effectively be synthesized through High Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) technique from its precursor, for use in commercial broilers as anti-stressor and to support multiple bodily functions. The prepared nano particle had 44.5 % of selenium as measured by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis with the product yield of 50 g/hr. The chemical composition of sodium selenite powder was same as that of the original mega particle. The size of Se nano particle ranged from 37-85 nm as analyzed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). X-Ray diffraction pattern confirmed that the synthesized Se nano particle was free of impurities and provided accurate information on the atomic arrangements. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum of synthesized nano particle source of selenium peaks was located at 3023.26, 2800.12, 2502.23, 2314.17, 1610.40 and 1413.30 cm-1 which showed chemical bonding in a target material. The zeta potential of nano selenium was -23.30 mV when analyzed through particle size analyzer. Se nano-particles could be successfully synthesized through High Energy Ball Milling method from its precursor and could be characterized for its quantity, size, shape, stability and purity. The synthesized Se nano-particles could be utilized for the conduct of biological trial in commercial broilers.