This study was carried out to understand how sausage matrices affect the survival and acid tolerance of STEC O157 and O26. STEC O157 and O26 were inoculated on sausage surface approximately 5 log. After inoculation sausages were vacuum packed and stored at 4°C. Pathogen counts and synthetic gastric fluid (pH 1,5) experiments were conducted on day 0, 15 and 30 of the storage. Three trials were conducted for each pathogen separately. Both serogroups had viable counts on sausage during storage, STEC O26 count decreased about 1log and O157 about 3log during storage. At the end of the storage both O26 and O157 were viable on the sausage surface 4.59 log and 2.54 log respectively. For acid survival experiments pathogen counts were obtained on 30th, 60th and 90th minute of synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) exposure. Our results show that O26 endured acid stress longer than O157 during SGF experiments throughout storage of frankfurters. The results of this study may support the idea that some non-O157 STEC strains might be more resistant to acid stress than O157 STEC but further studies should be conducted before drawing a conclusion.

Coral reefs are one of the most important marine ecosystems around the world. This ecosystem is the breeding and living ground for vastof animals including corals, fish, mollusks and even sea turtles and dolphins. There is a disaster which is raising more and more by naturaleffects and more importantly by human origin. Global warming and consequently raising heat endangers the life of living organisms especiallyimmobile ones. Coral reefs belong to the sessile animals that cannot move, migrate or defend themselves as strongly as advanced organisms.Different stressors such as thermal shock result in bleaching coral reefs so that the symbiont algae (zooxanthellae) does not return to the colonywhich ends to corals’ death. Coral Reefs of the Persian Gulf are not the exception and they have been bleached severely during last few years.The study was done by direct observation and via SCUBA diving and photography. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data were achievedby NOAA satellite and they were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2010. Typically, water temperature rises from March to middle of August anddecreases again toward December. The most severe bleaching happened in August 2015 in Northern Larak Island while the water temperaturewas 32.60 ᵒC. However, the water temperature was high even in January, February and March to 22.84 ᵒC. The highest temperature duringAugust 2017 (32.81 ᵒC) was another bleaching peak for North and Eastern Larak Island corals. During this catastrophe in 2017, more than90% of genus Acropora and more than 80% of genus Porites were bleached. There was a recovery status in bleached corals in 2018 but deadcorals never recovered. Although there are resistant corals in the coral reef ecosystem, heat is a certain stress which can ruin the ecosystem.

The present study was aimed at the determination of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane administration on blood malondialdehyde levels and certain antioxidant parameters in goats. The study was conducted on 7 healthy Angora goats. Blood samples were taken from all of the animals prior to the administration of propofol, following the induction of anaesthesia, and 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and 24 hours after sevoflurane administration. The collected blood samples were used to measure plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and beta-carotene, vitamin E levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. In the Angora goats, which were anaesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane, neither plasma MDA, vitamin A and β-carotene, vitamin E levels, nor erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities displayed any statistically significant difference during and after anaesthesia. In result, it was determined that propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia did not induce any adverse effect on blood MDA levels or the antioxidant parameters investigated in the Angora goat.

Every day; many chemical agents, materials or medicines whether in the pharmaceutical industry or daily life are offered for consuming for human beings. At this point, it has great importance that if the substances threaten heath or not. Because the toxicity of materials can lead to many target organ damage. The eye, together with many anatomical layers that make it up is among the target organs exposed to toxicity. In this review, we handled the classification, effects and treatment methods of toxic materials on the corneal layer of the eye.

The purpose of this study is determining the in vitro true digestibility values and nutritional content for tea (Camelia Sinensis)  factory waste (TFW) produced by organic and conventional methods. Fresh tea plants and the TFW are collected from tea factories in the Blacksea Region of Turkey on the seasons of tea production which are the beginning and end of May (1st season), July (2nd season) and August (3rd season).  In this study the nutrient composition of TFW, digestible organic material and metabolic energy values were determined in 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours by in vitro gas production technique. The nutrient values of TFW varied with seasons and periods. Values found are: dry matter (DM) 92-95%, ash values 3.56-4.59%, neutral detergant fiber (NDF) 51.10- 57.23%, acid detergant fiber (ADF) 40.93 – 49.27%,  digestible organic material (DOM) 25.47 – 44.79% and metabolic energy (ME) 4.65 – 8.79 MJ/kgDM. DOM and ME values were found highest at the 3rd season followed by the 2nd season and 1st season (P<0.05). There is no statistical significant difference between   TFW produced by organic and conventional methods for DOM and ME (P>0.05). It was concluded that, after the determination of the percentage of tannin and polyphenol contents in TFW; the 3rd season TFW can be added to ruminant rations which have high feed efficiency.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gamithromycin on rat uterus smooth muscles and to evaluate the possible mechanism of action. Forty-four uterine tissues isolated from 16 female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams were used in the experiments. In the preliminary experiments, gamithromycin was tested at concentrations of 10-7 M, 10-6 M and 10-5 M; where 10-5 M was selected for the experiments. In Group 1, the uterus segments were treated for 10 min with 10-5 M gamithromycin following 10 min control contractions. In Group 2, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin over 2.5 mIU / mL oxytocin contraction was evaluated. In Group 3, the effect of 10-5 M gamithromycin was evaluated over 10-8 M atropine incubation. In Group 4, 10-5 M gamithromycin was applied for 10 min followed by 0.0625 μg/ml of cloprostenol application. The same protocols were applied for dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as control. Frequency, average amplitude and peak amplitude values ​​of the contractions were assessed. In Group 1, gamithromycin in were shown to increase the contractility at 10-5 M significantly (P≤0.01); while no statistically significant difference was observed in comparison to DMSO (P> 0.05). For the other tested groups, no statistically important difference were observed (P> 0.05). The nonsignificant difference of the results of this study can be attributed to the chemical form of gamithromycin and the concentration used. In order to be able to fully assess the effects and possible mechanism of gamihtromycin on the uterine smooth muscle, higher gamithromycin concentrations should be studied and, if possible, further studies should be performed with different agonist and antagonist agents.

The term echinococcosis refers to the disease caused by any species of the genus Echinococcus. It is a parasitic disease that has been known since the 17th century and continues to be an important problem to human and animal health as well as economic losses caused by the disease. In livestock, the economic loss caused by organ destruction due to echinococcosis is not the only drawback; the reduction in meat, milk and fleece quality and yield, decreased fertility, and low birth weight should also be taken into account. In humans, the infection causes high economic losses due to hospitalization, loss of labor and diagnostic and therapeutic requirements. Therefore, it is apparent that prevention and control programs should be implemented effectively to prevent or minimize the adverse consequences of echinococcosis, as it is well known that economic losses associated with human health and animal husbandry are immense. In this review, we aimed to contribute to the understanding of the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus species, to present current data on this topic, and to obtain information about the current status of echinococcosis in terms of zoonotic potential.

The treatment of skin wounds with tissue-loss is one of the most important issues in the field of veterinary medicine. It is aimed to improve the wound faster and without contamination by doing various studies in this subject. In this study, laser phototherapy was preferred considering the same target.      This study was carried out on 20 cats and 20 dogs of different ages, races, and genders, who were brought to Surgery clinic of Animal Hospital at Kirikkale University. These patients were divided into 4 groups, two of which were study and two of which were a control group. In the study group, 10 cats and 10 dogs were subjected to laser phototherapy, and the rest were routinely performed as a control group. The clinical and laboratory results of the animals treated with phototherapy were compared by routine applications. During the study, a patient follow-up form was created to record data such as physiological parameters of the animals, wound sizes, and clinical recovery process of the wound. Besides, the data were transferred to the computer environment for statistical analysis. Animals that are too aggressive and do not allow the application was treated with laser phototherapy or dressing by applying a routine sedation or anesthesia protocol with the permission of the owner. The wound was taken in follow-up data daily. For 21 days, wound sizes were drawn on transparencies film. Then these measurements were made using the area calculation graph paper.      In the obtained clinical data, both infection control and wound closure rates were found to be faster in the study groups than the control groups (P<0,05).      In conclusion, low-intensity laser phototherapy has been suggested to be a treatment option, especially in cases of tissue-loss infected skin injuries, which may be an adjunct to classical applications in both cats and dogs.

Salmonella is gram negative, facultative anaerobe and zoonotic bacteria and their serotyping based on the Kauffmann-White schema according to these three different antigens including somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens. Among these serotypes, S. enterica subsp. enterica (I) is the most important factor responsible for Salmonella infections. It has been reported in several publications that Salmonella infections caused by S. Rubislaw have started to be seen in recent years with the increase of exotic animal breeding for hobby purposes. In the serotyping of Salmonella spp. positive environmental isolate sample, which was sent from a poultry establishment to the Bacteriological Diagnostic Laboratory of the Central Research Institute of Veterinary Control on 20.10.2019, Salmonella enterica serotype Rubislaw was identified. This isolate is the first specimen in which S. Rubislaw was identified. It is highly probable that similar cases in which exotic animals play an important role in transmission are more common in our country in the near future.

Eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analizi ile ihtiyaç duyulan bilgilerin tespit edilmesi hem çiftçilerin ihtiyaç duydukları bilgilerin belirlenmesi hem de dahagerçekçi bir eğitim programının yapılabilmesi için çok önemlidir. Afyonkarahisar’da koyunculuk önemli bir hayvansal üretim kolu olup koyunculukişletmeleri ağırlıkla orta ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerden oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2014 yılından beri Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Refahınailişkin Genel Hükümler Hakkındaki Yönetmelik ile çiftliklerde sağlanması zorunlu olan ulusal hayvan refahı standartları tanımlanmıştır. Koyunculukişletmelerinin de ulusal hayvan refahı standartlarına uyumu bakımından çiftçilerin hayvan refahı konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarınınbelirlenmesi çok önem taşımaktadır. Bu tebliğde çiftçilerin hayvan refahı yönetimi konusundaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarına ilişkin bulgular sunulmuştur.Bu bulgular, Afyonkarahisar İli Emirdağ İlçesi'nde bulunan küçük ve orta ölçekli koyunculuk işletmelerinin sahiplerinin hayvan sağlığıve refahı konularındaki eğitim ihtiyaçlarının analiz edilmesi amacıyla yürütülen bir araştırma projemizden elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, elde edilensonuçlar çiftlik düzeyinde koyun refahının sağlanabilmesi için minimum gerekliliklerin yerine getirilmesi bakımından fırsatlar ve dezavantajlarınyönetimi yönünden de tartışılmıştır.